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pos2041 final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Partisan | A committed supporter of a political party; also, seeing issues form a point of view of a single party. |
| Partisans are loyal to a -----------party, and view political issues through the --------------- framework that party proposes. | particular, ideological |
| Partisans are generally more ---------- --------------than non-partisans; | ideologically polarized |
| for example, in the 2010 election, 'moderate' Republican politicians such as Governor _______ _________ of Florida were penalized by partisans within the -------------------- Party for appearing to cooperate with -------------. | Charlie Christ , republican , democrats |
| Parties | Organizations that try to win control of government by electing people to office who carry the party label. |
| Historically, parties represented a broad coalition of interests and were described as "------ ------- -------" because their members' interests were ----------. | big tent parties, diverse |
| Since the 1980s, parties have become increasingly ---------, with the --------- Party becoming slightly more economically and socially liberal while the -------------Party has become much more economically and socially conservative. | polarized, democratic, republican |
| Party Platform | The party's statement of its position on the issues--to reflect the preferences of the public as a way to win elections. |
| Parties attempt to | stimulate political interest & increase participation, ensure accountability, and help people make sense of complexity in politics. |
| Two-Party System | A political system in which two parties vie on relatively equal terms to win national elections. This is the system which exists in the United States |
| The United States' ------- --------organize elections in a manner that promotes a two-party system. | electoral rules |
| Party coalitions are not necessarily ---------, and ------ ----------- can cause different coalitions to formulate within a party. | party realignment |
| party realignment | process by which one party supplants another as the dominant party in a political system |
| Minor parties may exist yet these have difficulty sustaining support-types | protest parties, ideological parties, single-issue parties, and splinter parties |
| Dealignment | is a graduate reduction in the dominance of one political party without another party supplanting it. |
| Why do they have difficulty winning support, and why do even 'successful' third parties fail to sustain that support. | requirement 4 ballot access are different in every state, don’t get federal funding until they attract 5% of publics votes ( unlike major parties who get funding as they get on ballot even then, they’re reimbursed after the election) |
| What is the New Deal? | the programs of the administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt |
| What is the New Deal era? | long period of democratic dominance (32-64) won 7 of 9 pres elections, controlled the senate/house for all but 4 yrs., prevailed in substantial majority of governorships/state legs built upon working class ethnic groups |
| What groups were part of the New Deal coalition? | workers, catholics, jews, urban dwellers, racial minorities, and the South ( basis of the democratic party dominance) |
| What different 'eras' have existed in American history? | new deal era, dealignment era, parties at war era |
| Divided Government | Control of the executive and legislative branches by different political parties. |
| Unified Government: | When a single party controls both houses of Congress and the presidency. |
| Gridlock: | Very little productive or significant legislation, usually during times of divided government when both parties are strong. |
| Multi-Party System: | Three or more viable parties compete to lead the government; multiparty systems often have coalition governments because a single majority winner may not exist. |
| What is proportional representation? | the awarding of legislative seats to political parties to reflect the proportion of the popular vote each party receives |
| Party identification | The sense of belonging to a political party. |
| How does party identification shape how a person feels about policy issues? | what party one identifies with and how strongly one holds that identification shapes how a person feels about a wide range of public issues, how likely that person is to vote, and which candidates the person votes for |
| How are parties organized? | loose collections of local and state parties, campaign committees candidates, and office holders with associated advocacy groups. No hierarchy, loose criteria for membership |
| Are they hierarchical in nature? | No. no clearly defined membership requirements, centralized control over party nominations and electoral financing, and disciplinary authority over elected party members |
| Are they centered on the candidate? | Yes. Parties are there to help candidates in efforts, not order them about—they’ve become campaign machines in the service of candidates running for elected office |
| party conventions | governing bodies of the parties where convention delegate meet every 4 years to nominate presidential an vp candidates ubt also to write a party platform and revise party rules |
| national party committees | conduct the business of the parties during the 4 years between national conventions made up of elected committeemen/women from each state, a sizable staff and a chairperson. |
| Who really runs the national party committee | the pary chair, assisted by the committee staff |
| Although the national committees have little direct power they have become important as ------ ------- ---- for party candidates running for office | campaign service organizations |
| Congressional Campaign committees | 4 of them (dem/rep/senate/house) aid members of congress in their campaigns for reelection by raising money, providing media service, conducting research and whatever else is deemed appropriate |
| Who controls congressional campaign committees | party members in congress, not the party chair, the national committes or even the president. |
| State party organizations | separate political party organizations exist in each state and though they are tied toether by bonds of ideology, sentiment, and campaign money, they are relatively independent of one another and the national party |
| T:F- much as with the national committees, the congressional campaign committees have become high professionalized/well funded | true |
| How do associated interest and advocacy groups interact with parties | Some groups are so closely involved in the affairs of the parties it is hard to draw a line between them and the political parties |
| Example: the American conservative union is barely distinguishable from the ___ party | republican party |
| The main effect on advocacy groups in recent years had been to push the parties and their candidates into more ________ and _______ directions | ideological, partisan |
| Liberal | A political position, combining both economic and social dimensions, that holds that the federal government has a substantial role to play in economic regulation, social welfare, and overcoming racial inequality, and that abortion and stem-cell research s |
| Conservative | The political position, combining both economic and social dimensions, that holds that the federal government ought to play a very small role in economic regulation social welfare, and overcoming racial inequality, that abortion should be illegal, and tha |
| Structure | enduring features of American life that play key roles in determining what issues become important. Includes economy, society, constitutional rules, political culture, international system – slowest to change |
| Political linkage | political actors, institutions and processes that transmit the wants and demands of people and groups in our society to government officials, include public opinion, political parties, interest groups, the news media, and elections |
| Government | public officials and institutions that have formal/legal responsibilities for making public policy for the Unite States, including congress, president, executive branch, federal bureaucracy, federal courts (supreme court) |
| Government action | what government does, including making laws, issuing rules, waging war, providing national defense, settling civil disputes, providing order etc. |
| Three models | prospective(responsible) voting model, electoral competition voting model, the retrospective(reward/punishment) voting model |
| Prospective voting | Voters are interested in and capable of deciding what government will do in the future, therefore parties should offer a clear choice and distinct vision to voters. A "Responsible party" will take clear and distinct stands on issues and enact them as poli |
| Electoral competition voting model | Parties compete to take the most popular positions, and attempt to persuade the median voter (the voter at the exact middle of the political issue spectrum), thereby winning over 50%. |
| Retrospective ("Reward and Punishment") voting | The tendency of voters to vote for incumbents when times are good an against them when times are bad. Voters look at the performance of each party, evaluate their performance, and reward or punish the candidates and parties in office depending on that per |
| Unlike other countries, in the United States elections are | numerous/frequent, separate and independent, inconsistent, have fixed terms/fixed dates, and first past the post |
| Numerous and frequent | no other country holds so many elections covering so many offices and public policy issues. We are election happy, via president, congress, federal system, governors, legislators, and judges |
| Separate and independent | each office is separate and independent from the other. In parliamentary one votes for a a party and the party get sto appoint a whole range of other officials |
| Elected offices have a fixed term | all offices are fixed, so that presients cannot call new elections in hopes of changing party mix in congress to their advantage. Other coutries can call an election any time within a certain number of years |
| Elections are held on a fixed date | neither presidents nor governors can time elctions to their political advantage but unlike other countries, don’t organize on a holiday or weekend, it is the Tuesday after the first Monday in novemeber |
| First Past the Post | winners in most elections are those who win the most votes in a particular electoral district. In other countries, a second election is held if no candidate wins a majority in the first round for president (ensures majority rule for office) |
| Franchise | Legal right to vote |
| How, and when, has suffrage expanded over the 19th and 20th century int he United States? | began with white males who owned property, but in 1870 black males could vote in both north and south. Women won the right to vote in 1920 in all states. Residents of D.o.C could vote in presidential (not congressional) elections in 1961 and 18-20 yrs old |
| Electoral College | representatives selected in each of the states, their numbers based on each states total number of its senators and representatives; a majority of electoral college cotes elects the president |
| Convention | a gathering of delegates who nominate a party’s presidential candidate |
| Primary Election | statewide elections in which voters choose delegates to the national party conventions |
| Caucus Nominating System | the process for selecting delegates to the national party conventions characterized by neighborhood and area-wide meetings of party supporters and activists |
| Turnout | proportion of eligible or voting age americans who actually vote in a given election; two ways of counting turnout yield different results |
| Has turnout increased or decreased over the 19th and 20th century? What factors have influenced the rate of turnout? | decreased. Barriers to voting (extra effort to register or situations that make it difficult), too much complexity (referenda, initiatives), weak voter mobilization by the parties, and a decline in competitive elections |
| Who votes in American elections? | politically active people tend to be those with higher than average incomes and more formal education, with the biggest factor being FORMAL EDUCATION |
| Do different demographic groups have different rates of turnout? | yes. Hispanics and Asian americans vote the least. African americans are nearly equal to whites |
| How does race affect turnout? | certain demographs vote less frequently; Hispanics vote at lower rates because of low income, language probles, or suspicion of government. Asian americans, too. |
| How does age affect turnout? | younger go to polls much less than older people. They are less rooted in communites, less familiar with registration procedures, less in the habit and less clear about what stake they have in elections |
| How does income affect turnout? | higher income people tend to vote more, whereas lower income people do not |
| How does gender affect turnout. | gender gap disappeared and a dramatcic change can be accredited to the improvement in the educational attainments of women, the entrance of more women into workforce, and incrased importants on issues like pay equity and abortion |
| What demographic characteristics are most common amongst presidential nominees? | middle-aged or elederly white men with extensive formal educations, fairly high incomes, and substantial experience as public figures |
| Who are super-delegates? | elected officials from all levels og fovernment who are appointed by party committees to be delegates to the national convention of the democratic party; not selected in elections/caucuses |
| Candidates for primaries are formally nominated during ----------- --------------which each party holds in the summer before the election. | national conventions |
| Delegates for convention are nominated in each state in -------------or ----------. | primaries, caucuses |
| Although Republican party used the winner-take-all-system to elect delegates, most states switched to -------------- ------------------n system for Republican primaries in 2012. Democrats used this even before | proportional representation |
| If the incumbent president is for re-election, he is almost always-----------------by his party (does not face competition during the primaries), unless he has committed a serious mistake and become very unpopular. | nominated |
| As majority of convention delegates are already committed to a particular candidate, it is already well-known before the convention who will be a party nominee. Hence, the function of a convention has become to show a party's ----------------------and pub | strength, candidate and his program |
| Incumbent -------------- or ------------------- are also very rarely challenged in primaries. | senators, representatives |
| As well, a primary challenge usually emerges when a candidate has | committed a serious mistake, a district significantly changed boundaries as a result of redistricting, or a candidate's ideological position moved too far from district's preferences. |
| Many incumbents, if their position seems insecure, decide to ------------instead of facing a tough electoral challenge in a primary or general election. | retire |
| Candidates for president usually have performed an important government function of a | state governor, senator or vice-president. |
| The success of a candidate in a primary depends on whether she is perceived as viable by the public and the media, and this depends on whether she is able to | raise significant amount of campaign money quickly at the beginning of a campaign. |
| Victory in a nomination process depends to a large extent on whether a candidate manages to be successful in | early primaries. |
| In ---------primaries, all voters can take part, in -------------parties, only voters registered for a given party | open, closed |
| A majority of states use _______ primaries | closed |
| Difference between primary and caucus | a caucus is a system of local gatherings where voters decide which candidate to support and select delegates for nominating conventions. A primary is a statewide voting process in which voters cast secret ballots for their preferred candidates |
| Difference between closed and open primaries | open primaries all voters can take part, closed primaries only registered voters for a given party can take part |
| What kind of people usually become presidential candidates? | white, middle aged men who have had experience in high profile government positions (senator, governor, v.p.) |
| Why public financing of a campaign is no longer used by candidates? | limits what they can spend and they could achieve more with successful fund raising from large donors, PACS, themselves, and the political party |
| Campaigns are run by candidates' own --------- -----------, not by political parties, which only help during the process. | campaign organizations |
| In recent decades, increasing role of campaign advertising, especially ------ ------------(which criticize the other guy) | negative ads |
| Information which voters can obtain during campaigns concerns candidates' stance on i---------, -------- ------------------ of candidates, and candidates' personal ----------- | issues, past performance, qualities |
| Campaigns concentrate in so-called -------- ----------, where the candidates trail close in pre-election polls. In -------- ----------, campaign is hardly visible | battle ground states, safe states |
| The campaign finances are regulated by -------- --------- -----------, an independent federal agency | federal election commission FEC |
| Unions and corporations cannot finance candidate campaigns directly, but only through --- | PACS |
| However, if they do not finance a candidate's campaign, but support him independently (“their efforts are not coordinated with the candidates' official campaign organizations”), corporations, unions and individuals can spend | as much as they want. |
| When candidate accepts public funding government matches private contributions to a candidate with public money, but the overall amount a candidate can spend is limited. All major party candidates accepted public funding until | Barack Obama rejected it in 2008. |
| Generally, money matters more in --------- campaigns than in general election campaigns. | primary |
| Although campaign contributors do not influence candidates' positions directly, these contributions are used to gain -------- and ------------ by a candidate. | access, hearing |
| Obviously, campaign contributors represent to a larger extent -------- and ------------------ interests. | |
| wealthy, conservative | |
| What is a battleground state? | a swings state. Where candidates trail close in pre-election polls |
| What are “red states” and “blue states”? red represents left winged and social democrat parties, blue represents right wing and conservative parties | |
| Supreme Court decision in Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission | |
| 527s | entities that can use unregulated money to talk about issues, mobilize voters, praise or criticize candidates/ officeholders- only restriction being use of tv and raio in the period immediately preceding primary/general elections. Require to report receip |
| 501s organizations | tax exempt organizations-entities whose main purpose to encourage civic engagement- must also report receipts to IRS but less frequently and not obligated to report identities of contributors. No limits on how much money can collect, spend |
| Factors influencing voter choice | race, socioeconomic status, income, locality (urban vs. rural), church attendance, religion. |
| Blacks overwhelming support ------------, Hispanics also support them but with smaller majority. Wealthier people, rural inhabitants, Protestants and church-goes are more likely to vote --------- | democrats, republican |
| But the voter choice is predicted to the largest extent by voter | party ID |
| In practice, ---------------- are the most likely to change their party choice from elections to elections and are the most influenced by campaigns | influenced |
| Candidates' ---------- also affect voter choice | personality |
| Other factors: voters punish i-----------president for bad state of economy (so-called economic voting); also -------- ----------- mistakes (especially unsuccessful wars) reduce president's popularity | incumbent, foreign policy |
| The electoral college and its consequences: a candidate without a ------------can win (as in 2000), ------------of winner's popular support, and ----------------- of third parties. | plurality , magnification, discouragement |
| Al states give their winning presidential candidate all electoral college votes (on the winner-take-all basis) apart from | Nebraska and Maine |
| The normative consequences of the electoral college | magnifies popular support of winners, discourages third parties, may allow less popular candidate to win |
| Proposals of electoral college reforms | system of direct popular votes, and retain electoral college but remove “winner take all” feature where the winner of a state receives all of the states electoral college votes |
| Reasons why elections do not bring “perfect democracy” in the US, even though the political system as a whole is more democratic than 100 years ago | low turnouts, educational/income biases in participation rates, roles of interest groups and well-off contributors in campaign finance |
| in a purely proportional representation system, which type of parties would stand to gain | very small parties |
| which countries come closest to having a pure proportional represenation system | israel and the netherlands |
| when did repubs and dems have balance? | after reconstruction |
| party system fo 1896 resulted in | thirty six years of republican dominance |
| which groups was not part of new deal coalition | business interests |
| the sixth party system was one of | dealignment |
| where are third or minor parties most successful in US | state and local levels |
| one disadvantage of a divided, two party government system is | gridlock |
| national part conventions are governing bodies of the american political parties: t/f | TRUE |
| in determining a presidential nominee and hte correspondent primaries an caucuses, republican party selects its candidate on a ______ baiss and the democratic on a _____ basis | winner take all, proportional |
| why is nonvoting seen as an important public policy issue | the preferences of non voters may be substanitively different than those of actual voters nahve the potential to yield sound public policies |
| party loyalty or party identification is less accurate predictor of voters behavior in local elections than in presidential elections /t:f | false |
| what has caused the recent decrease in the proportion ofvoting age population that is eligible to vote | recent influx of immigrants |
| when does a candidate win plurality | when he/she wins more votes than any other candidate but less than am ajority of all votes cast |
| • The most important branch of the federal government, according to the framers' design | congress |
| • as one of the checks on government | bicameralism |
| • Senate was elected indirectly by state legislatures so that it could be insulated from | popular pressures (this changed with 17th amendment in 1913) |
| • The constitution lists the powers and responsibilities of Congress (so called enumerated powers) but also Article I gives to the Congress the authority to carry out its enumerated powers by | whatever legislation necessary |
| • States tend to draw congressional districts to the | partisan advantage (the only requirement, as enforced by courts, is that districts should have a relatively equal number of people and be contiguous). |
| • As a result, the numbers of safe districts (where there is low probability of incumbent defeat) has been | increasing |
| • Two principal styles of representation: | delegate ,trustee (decides independently from his constituents what is the public good) |
| • The delegate style follows closely with _______ wishes | constituency |
| • The trustee style decides independently from ___________ what is the public good | constituents |
| • are significantly underrepresented in Congress, although their numbers have been increasing recently. | women and minorities |
| • In particular, ------------- are very severely underrepresented, which is related to the fact that they are a geographically-dispersed minority (rarely form a majority in any district) | hispanics |
| • Most congresspeople come from | law or business backgrounds |
| • | |
| • --------------representation matters e.g. women care more form women issues than men representatives) | descriptive |
| • Because some states are gaining population faster than others, there is a need for reapportionment of -------- districts. | House |
| • Among the congressional campaigns, the least financed are those by -----------, slightly better are those of ------ -------- ---------------, and the least money goes to --------------. | incumbents, open seat candidate, challengers |
| • Majority party incumbents get more money than minority party incumbents because they are more likely to | influence policy. |
| • About --% of Senate incumbents and --% of House incumbents get reelected, but membership turnover is higher than these numbers suggest because of -------------- and ------------ defeat of some members (and redistricting in some cases) | 80,93 ; retirement, primary |
| • Reelection rates are high because of incumbency advantage, which incumbents create through | franking privilege, casework and pork. |
| • Incumbency advantage forms about -% of the vote (which is a hypothetical difference between exactly the same two candidates, who are different only because one is incumbent and the other isn't) | 5 |
| • Members tend to follow their --------------opinion when voting on issues, although imperfectly; their preferences are skewed by influence of | districts, moneyed interest |
| • Role of Congress is more important than of parliaments in most | Western democracies |
| • Congress members care mostly for ------------- so they are motivated to deviate from their party line when a bill supported by the party is unpopular in their district (or state) | reelection |
| • Parties have been weak in the US in terms of forcing their legislative agenda on Congress, but it recently changed in case of -------------------, who used campaign money and strengthened the position of House speaker to induce congresspeople to vote in | republicans |
| • Party voting in Congress ---------------- in recent decades; 9 out of 10 times members vote with their party nowadays | increasing |
| • Consequently, reaching ------------- agreements has become more difficult | bipartisan |
| • Between Great Depression and 1994, ------------------were usually the dominant party in Congress, but it changed after the 1994 election | Democrats |
| • Position of the ------------------is dominant in the House, as she directly influences what kind of bills are being debated and committee membership | speaker |
| • Decline in the power of committees in favor of --------- ---------- in recent decades | party leadership |
| • Membership in particular committees is determined by the principle of -------------- and ------------of the members (who like to serve in committees which enhance their electoral prospects) | seniority, wishes |
| • What kind of congressional laws are specifically prohibited by the Constitution? | ex post facto alws, bills of attainder, granting of titles of nobility, and suspension of habeas corpus |
| • What is the “elastic clause”, also called the “necessary and proper clause”? | article 1 sect 8 gives congress the authority to make whatever alws are necessary and proper to carry out its enumerated powers |
| • Enumerated powers | powers of the federal government specifically mention in the constitution |
| • The Senate has a term of __ years, with elections of ___ elected in November of even numbered years. There are __ per state with a total membership of ___. You must be __ yrs old | 6,1/3,2,100,30 |
| • The unique powers of the senate include | advice and consent for judicial/upper level executives/trial of impeachment cases/advice and consent for treaties |
| • The house has terms of __ years with the ___ membership elected in November in even numbered years. The size ___ by state and the total membership is ___. Minimum age is __. | 2,entire, varies, 435, 25 |
| • Unique powers of the house include | originication of reveue bill, bringing impeachment charges |
| • What is the role of each chamber during the impeachment process? | house brings charges, senate investigates |
| • Which chamber gives representational advantage to small states? | senate |
| • Which chamber is closer to the trustee style of representation and why? | senate, because they only face re-election ever six years as opposed to every two via house |
| What is descriptive representation? | statistical representation; the degree to which the composition of a respresentative body reflects the demographic composition of the population as a whole |
| • What are the electoral units for the House | district |
| • What are the electoral units for the Senate | state |
| • What is reapportionment and how often does it occur? | reallocation of house seats among the state, done after each national census, to ensure that seats are held by the states in proportion to their populations |
| • What is redistricting and how often does it occur? | the redrawing of congressional district lines within a state to ensure roughly equal populations within each district a year after the federal census |
| • Which institutions decide on redistricting (federal or state institutions)? | state institutions |
| • What is gerrymandering and what is its purpose? | redrawing electoral district lines to give an advantage to a particular party candidate |
| • What are majority-minority districts? | districts drawn to ensure that a racial minority will take up a majority of the votes |
| • Did creation of such districts benefit any particular party electorally? | it hindered Democratic Party by taking away dem-oriented minority group voters awa from previously demo-dominated districts |
| • What is “packing”? | process of concentrating voters for the other party into fewer districts in order to weaken them elsewhere |
| • How is incumbency advantage created? | through redistricting process,attracting/spending much more $ than rivals, franking privileges (ability to reach out to constituents), casework (speeding up arrivl of late checks), and providing pork barrel |
| • House Speaker stands ___ in line for presidency. | second |
| • The Senate _____ _____ pails in comparison to the Speaker of the House and has control over office spage designation, access to senate floor, and committee assignments | majority leader |
| • Difference between leadership structure in the House and the Senate | senate is a body of independent members loosely tied together, not conducive to decision making; whereby the house is |
| • How are committee members selected? | Majority leader and Speaker appoint them |
| • Standing committee | relatively permanent congressional committee that address specific areas of legislation |
| • Select committee | temporary committees created by congressional leaders to conduct studies or investigations |
| • joint committee | members from both houses are organized to facilitate the flow of legislation |
| • conference committees | Ad hoc committees, made up of members of both the senate and the house, set up to reconcile differences in the provisions- IRONS OUT DIFFERENCES IN BILLS |
| Reciprocity | deferall by members of congress to the judgement of subject matter specialist. Mainly on minor technical bills. |
| House is run by ________ has more power, the majority party exeries more control over ____ _______, the procedures are more _____ and the individual membershave ah arder time making their mark | rules, legislative affairs, structured |
| Reciprocity is mainly practiced by | house of representatives |
| the differences between house and senate with rules and norms majority within | floor debate |
| in the senate, bills are schedule for floor debate by _______ ________, not a powerful committee, meaning business can be blocked by a single dissenter | unanimous consent |
| Unanimous consent | legislative action taken without objection as a way to expedite business; used to conduct much of the business of the senate |
| Hold | a tactic bi which a single senator can prevent action on a bill or nomination; based on implied threat of refusing to agree to unanimous consent on other senate matters or willingness to filibuster the bill or nomination |
| Filibuster | parliamentary device used in the senate to prevent a bill from coming to a vote by talking it to death, made possible the by the norm of unlimited debate |
| Cloture | a vote to end a filibuster require the votes of THREE FIFTHS of the membership of the senate |
| Process of bills becoming laws | bill introduced (senate/ house unless its tax related, in which case only HOUSE), referred to a committee, referred to subcommittee, committee action, then in house it goes to rules committee, floor action and bill reconciliation, whereas senate skips rul |
| Hopper | the box in the house of representaitves which proposed bill are placed |
| Discharge petition | a petition signed by 218 house members to force a bill that has been before a committee for at least 30 days while the house in is session out of committee and onto floor for consideration |
| Conference committee | |
| Presidential action | if he approves the bill, he signs it and it becomes a law; if he doesn’t he can veto it or pocket veto it. |
| Veto | presidential disapproval of a bill that has been passed by both house and senate, but the veto can be overridden by a 2/3 votes in each house |
| Pocket veto | rejection of a bill if the president takes no action on it for 10 days and congress had adjourned during that period |
| Oversight | congressional responsibility for monitoring the actions of executive branch agencies and personnel to ensure conformity to federal statues and congressional intent |
| Relationship between the branches of government | |
| Impeachment | house action bringing formal charges against a member of the executive branch or the federal judiciary that may or may not lead to the removal from office by the senate |
| Habeas corpus | legal doctrine that a person who is arrested must have a timely hearing before a judge |
| Chief of state | a symbol of national authority and unity, performing ceremonial duties and getting their way on many important issues |
| Domestic Policy Leader: legislative leader, manager of the economy | gives state of the union addressing national problems, submit annual federal budget |
| Chief Executive | ensure the nations laws are efficiently and effectively carried out by bureaucratic agencies |
| Foreign policy and Military Leader: foreign policy leader, commander-in-chief | power to make treaties and executive agreements/ deploy and use armed forces in order to protect USS |
| Head of His/Her Political Party | distinction between pres of all people and partisan advantage of political parties |
| State of the Union | annual report to the nation by the president, now deliverd before a joint session of congress, on the state of the nation and his legislative proposals for addressing national problems |
| Executive order | rule of regulation issued by the president that has the force of law, based either on the constitutiaonl powers of the presdeny as chief executive or commander in chief or on congressional statues |
| Unitary executive | constitutional doctrine that proposes that the executive branch si under the direct control of the president, who has all authority necessary to control the actions of federal bureaucracy personnel and units without interference from other federal branche |
| Treaty | formal international agreement between two or more countries; in the US requires the adice and consent of the senate |
| Executive agreement | agreement with another country signed by president that has the force of law like a treaty but does not require senate approval, originally used for minor technical matters, now an important tool of presidential power in foreign affairs |
| Institutional presidency | the permanent bureaucracy associated with the presidency, designed to help the incumbent of the office carry out his responsibilities |
| Chief of staff | a top adviser to the president who also manages the White House staff |
| National security advisor | a top foreign policy and defense adviser to the president who heads the national security council |
| Executive Office of the President (EOP) | group of organizations that advise the president on wide range of issues; includes among others, the office of management and budget, the national security council, and the council of economic advisers |
| Office of Management and Budget (OMB) | organization within the executive office of the president that advises on the federal budget, domestic legislation, and regulations |
| Council of Economic Advisors (CEA) | organization in the executive office of the president made up of a smll group of economists ho advise on economic policy |
| National Security Council (NSC) | organization in the executive office of the president made up of officials from the state and defense departments, the CIA, and the military who advise on foreign and security affairs |
| Intelligence Advisory Board | an organization in the executive office of the pres that provides information nadn assessment to the presidents director of national intelligen and to the president directly |
| President’s cabinet | top executive officals to discuss policy matters (not mentioned in constitution) |
| Relationship between the president and Congress – how it relates to the Constitution | |
| Divided government | control of the executive and the legislative branches by different political parties |
| Relationship between the president and the American public – how it has changed over time | |
| Presidential popularity | percentage of americans who approve of a presidents handling of his job |
| the supreme court ruling United states v lopex overturned a law banning firearms in and aroun schools because | congress had overstepped its authority in a matter that should be deicded by the staets |
| what is one of the results of hte supreme court descision allowing districts to be redrawn | voting disctricts may be draw along racial lines as long as race is not the only criteria used |
| how had it been possible for republicans to control the congressional agenda virtually unopposed from 1995 to 2006 | despite small majority, the GOP had enjoyed unprecedented unity, which enabled them to pass nearly all of their bills during this period |
| what is the only way a bill that has been killed in committee reach the floor | through a discharge petition |
| working conditions in the senate. ______ prestige, minority parties play ______ role, leaders hae only a few more ______ powers, nonhierarchical, members may serve on ___ or more major committees | presitge, larger, formal, two or more |
| the creation of majority-minority districts has _____ number of minority resp in congress but have made congress ____ responsive to converns about minority groups | increased, less |
| although oversight is a function of congress, in actulaity congress does very little oversight of the executive branch t/f | false |
| which of hte following presidents presided over hte most significant expansion of presidentail functions and ativities in american history | FRANKLIN roosevelt |
| how did woodrow wilson change the constitutionallly required state of the union | began the pactice of delivering the state of the union as an address to a joint session of hte house and the senate |
| what powers gave the president the main responsibility for fashioning american foreign policy | the power to receive and appoint ambassadors and to make treaties |
| why is direct command by the president over the executive branch seldom feasible | there is so much going on that presidents cant keep personal track of millions of employees |
| t/f: when creating the role of chief executive, the framers never intended it to be a democratic office | true |
| in the analytical framework discussing gw.bushs inability to pass social security reform legislation, which one of these statements would fall under political linkage category | opinions among the elderly about proposed changes becomes partiularly negative |
| which statements support hte arguemnt that the presidency has evolved int oa highly democratic institution that is responsive to the american people | it is the only nationally elected office |
| t:f/ american presidents enjoy consierable freedom of action in waging war | true |
| t:f/ article 2 section 2 clearly delinates the specific powers nad duties of the president as commander in chief | false |
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marcusha93