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Chem Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Definition of ‘aromatic’ compound | contains an aromatic ring; responsible for pungent tastes and smells of natural products; biologically active compounds; acts as a natural insecticides, pesticides and for many plants and animals whose systems naturally create these compounds |
| Definition of ‘compound’ | substance formed from the chemical combination of two or more elements; the properties of a compound are unique compared to the elements from which it was made (ex. Water, sugar, salt, ammonia) |
| Definition of ‘organic compound’ | obtained from living organisms, which contain the chemical element Carbon; grown without artificial pesticides/herbicides or synthetic fertilizers |
| Myisticin and Elemicin | Compound responsible for hallucinogenic properties of Nutmeg |
| Definition of ‘structural isotope’ | : (ex. Eugenol/isoeugenol, cis-isoprene/trans-isoprene, fructose/glucose); when the two have the same chemical formula but their structures look different |
| Definition of antioxidant | chemical that reduces the rate of oxidation reactions, characterized by an atom’s actions involving a loss of electrons (ex. Vitamin C) |
| Definition and cause of scurvy | disease caused by a deficiency of vitamin C, swollen bleeding gums and opening of previously healed wounds (other symptoms: exhaustion, swelling of arms, hemorrhaging from nose and mouth, diarrhea, loss of teeth, lung and kidney problems); |
| Definition and examples of monosaccharide | another term for simple sugar (glucose and fructose) |
| Biological symptoms of PKU | cannot metabolize phenylalanine and host can’t break down amino acids (enzyme missing – genetic mutation) |
| Condensation Reaction | a chemical reaction in which two molecules or moieties (functional groups) combine to form one single molecule, together with the loss of a small molecule |
| Dehydration Synthesis | the reaction responsible for the ability of a plant to create sucrose |
| Reason that artificial sweeteners taste sweet | hydrogen bonding between the sweet compound and the taste bud protein, as modeled with the A-H, B model of taste |
| Importance of the Haber Process | agriculture – important fertilizer, helped ensure the western world could grow enough food on its limited farmland areas; explosives – dissolves in water to make nitric acid (Haber Process was a domestic route to ammonia) |
| Synthetic | man-made material that is IDENTICAL to the natural product in chemical structure and in properties (ex. Vitamin C tablets vs. ascorbic acid from an orange) |
| artificial | man-made or natural product that has the same properties, but does not necessarily have the same chemical structure (ex. Splenda vs. sugar) |
| Definition of protein | chain of amino acids; 22 amino acids to make up an infinite number of proteins |
| storage polysaccharides | stores energy for later use; pectin, starch, glycogen; basic unit = α - glucose (α – linkages); plant examples: amylose, amyopectin |
| structural polysaccharides | for support; a framework for an organism (ex. Cellulose, chitin); cellulose unit: β – glucose; B-cellulose cannot be digested (‘dietary fiber’) but some organisms (cows, termites) use beneficial bacteria to access the energy in it |
| Definition and source of ‘latex’ | the name of the material gathered from hevea bransiliensis – the isoprene is exclusively the cis isomer; sources from many plants including dandelions and poinsettias |
| Reasons behind synthesis of synthetic rubber compounds during WWII | German blockade of Allied rubber plantations (artificial rubber: styrene butadiene rubber – SBR) |
| Definition of dye | organic molecule; absorbs some wavelengths of light preferentially; reflects all the other wavelengths; pigments use ‘subtractive color’ |
| Name and symbols for carbon, nitrogen, iron, chlorine and hydrogen | C, N, Fe, Cl, H |
| Definition of antibiotic resistance | when bacteria gain the ability to overcome antibiotic activity |
| Active ingredient in aspirin | Acetylsalicylic Acid (originally isolated from the bark of the willow tree) |
| Definition of antipyretic | reduces fever |
| Definition of analgesic | reduces pain |
| Active ingredient in the first Pill | Norethindrone (artificial progestin that stops ovulation) |
| Relationship between cholesterol, olive oil, HDL and LDL | oleic acid is considered to be “healthy” because it is a monounsaturated fatty acid which doesn’t change the LDL: HDL ratio but still improves your serum HDL |
| saturated | no double or triple bonds; straight chains; increase serum cholesterol |
| monounsaturated | no effect on serum cholesterol |
| polyunsaturated | has one or more double or triple bonds; more bent shape; decrease serum cholesterol |
| History and role of bufotoxin | poison that has sometimes been misidentified as “eye of the newt” but is actually a venom from a frog |
| History and role of scopolamine | structurally similar to atropine and is found in extracts of the mandrake, belladonna, and henbane plants that were used to make flying ointments |
| The Morphine Rule | benzene ring; a quaternary carbon (attached to 4 different things); CH2-CH2—group, attached to; a tertiary nitrogen (attached to 3 different things) |
| General building blocks of fats and oils | triglycerides; molecules composed of a glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acids |
| Definition of a salt | chemical compound formed from the reaction of an acid with a base, replacing hydrogen in an acid by a metal (NaCl); helps transmit nerve impulses (with Na+ ion); helps maintain moisture balance in cells; necessary for life |
| Definition of electrolyte | salt ions in the body; and salt ions in some sports drinks like Gatorade |
| Definition of the gabelle | tax imposed on salt |
| Characteristics of a refrigerant | low boiling point, nontoxic, nonflammable, condenses to a liquid under pressure |
Created by:
mooandherman
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