Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
ACSM GUIDE
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| SAGITAL PLANE | Divides the body from right to left |
| FRONTAL PLANE | Divides body anterior and posterior |
| TRANSVERSE PLANE | Divides body from inferior and superior |
| PRIMARY FUNCTION OF CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM | provide an environment for the transport of nutrients and removal of waste products |
| Pericardium | Double-walled, loose fitting membranous sac that covers heart |
| PULMONARY CIRCUIT | Right side of heart that collects blood from periphery and pumps through the lungs |
| SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT | Left side of the heart that collects blood from the lungs and pumps it to the body |
| SEMILUNAR VALVES | Separate ventricles from aorta and pulmonary artery |
| INTERCALATED DISCS | allow electrical impulses to spread from cell to cell and cause myocardium to act as a single unit or functional synctium |
| SYMPATHETIC NERVES | Epi and NE- Stimulate the atria and ventricles to beat faster and more forcefully |
| PARASYMPATHETIC NERVES | Control the atria and slow the heart rate |
| CAPILLARIES | Allow the exchange of blood from various tissues |
| CONDUCTING PORTION | System of interconnecting cavities and tubes(pharynx, larynx, mouth and nose)- filters, warm and moistens incoming air |
| Respiratory portion | site where exchange of gas occurs |
| PHARYNX | serves as a passage for air and food and as a resonating chamber for speech |
| Alveolar Sacs | air spaces or openings shared by 2 or more alveoli |
| INSPIRATION | Air moving into the lungs |
| EXPIRATION | Air moving out of the lungs |
| VENTILATION | Exchange of air |
| DIAPHRAGM | Major muscle of inspiration |
| VISCERAL PLEURA | inner layer that closely covers the lungs |
| PARIETAL PLEURA | layer lining the inside of the chest wall and diaphragm |
| MAJOR FUNCTION OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM | exchange of co2 and o2 which is needed for metabolism |
| PERIOSTEUM | Membrane found around the surface of bones that are not covered with articular cartilage. Serves as an attachment point for ligaments and tendons and is critical for bone growth and repair |
| LIGAMENT | Anchors bone to bone |
| SYNOVIAL JOINT | Most commonly occurring joint in human body. |
| 4 features of synovial joint | 1- has a joint cavity, 2-articulating surface is covered with articular cartialge, 3-enclosed by a fibrous joint capsule, 4- capsule is lined with synovial memberane |
| FUNCTIONS OF SKELETAL MUSCLE | Movement, stabilizing the body, load distribution, shock absorption, heat generation |
| IRITABILITY | ABIITY TO RESPOND TO STIMULI |
| CONTRACTILITY | ABILITY TO DEVELOP TENSION |
| EXTENSIBILITY | ABILITY TO BE STRETCHED |
| ELASTICITY | ABILITY TO RETURN TO ORIGINAL LENGTH |
| TENSONS | CONNECT MUSCLE TO BONE |
| twitch | a single brief muscle contraction caused by a single action potential |
| summation | the addition of individual twitch contractions to increase intensity of overall muscle force |
| tetanus | when the frequency of stimulation is high enough and full summation is achieved- making it the max amount of force the motor unit can develop |
| TYPE 1 FIBERS | fatigue resistent, long duration, low intensity, termed aerobic due to oxidation od foodstuff, |
| TYPE 2 FIBERS | power, high intensity, anaerobic and rely on energy sources |
| kinetics | study of force and torque that cause movement |
| kinematics | description of resulting motion |
| law of inertia | 1st law of motion, a body in motion stays in motion |
| law of acceleration | 2nd law of motion, the acceleration of an object is proportional to the force acting on it- most important law |
| law of action-reaction | for every action ,there is an equal and opposite reaction |
| stress | force per unit area of the material |
| strain | the percentage of change in length |
| force velocity relationship | the magnitude of muscle force depends on the rate of length change or muscle velocity |
| The faster a muscle shortens | the less muscle force that can be created for the same level of excitation |
| The faster the lengthening of muscle | the greater the force |
| Buoyancy | the supporting or floating force of a fluid |
| Glycolosis | the degradation of carbohydrates to pyruvate or lactate |
| Fats are broken down to what? | ffa and glycerol by the hormone-sensitive lipase |
| oxygen deficit | inadequate oxygen consumption at the onset of exercise |
| factors contributing to lactic acid build up | 1- when glycolytic hydrogen production exceedes the mitochondrial transport capability forcing pyruvate to accept the H and turn it into lactate, 2- recruitment of fast twitch fibers, 3-lactate removal is less than lactate production |
| ventilatory threshold | the highest work rate or oxygen consumption at which the energy demands exceed circulatory ability to sustain aerobic metabolism |
| 1 MET | 3.5mL02/KG/min |
| stroke volume | volume of blood ejected per heart beat |
| resting stroke volume | 60-100 ml/beat |
| max stroke volume | 100-120 ml/beat |
| ejection fraction | percent of the EDV that actually leaves the ventricle during systole |
| cardiac output | product of SV and HR, is 5L/min at rest and 20 l/min at max |
| exertional hypotension | SBP toward end of exercise test decreasing to less than baseline level OR SBP decreaseing 20 mm HG or more during exercise after inital increase |
| systolic BP | measure of blood pressure while the heart is beating. |
| diastolic BP | measure of blood pressure while the heart is relaxed. |
| pulmonary ventilation | volume of air exchanged per minute. 6 L/min @ rest and increases 15-25 fold during exercise |
| VO2 Max | the highest rate of oxygen transport and use that can be achieved at max physical exertion. |
| rate pressure product | provides an estimate of max workload that the left ventricle can perform. should be > than 25,000 during exercise |
| motor unit | functional unit of the neuromuscular system. consists of a motor neuron and the muscle fiber it innervates |
| stretch reflex | muscle spindles respond to stretch on the muscle, rapid lengthening results in a contraction of agonist muscle |
| muscle fatigue | the loss of force or power output in response to voluntary effort leading to reduced performance |
| central fatigue | the progressive reduction in voluntary drive to motor neurons during exercise |
| peripheral fatigue | loss of force and power that is independent of neural drive |
| H produces fatigue by what mechanisms | 1- inhibition of crossbridge actomyosin ATPase and ATP hydrolosyis, 2- inhibition of phosphofructokinase, 3- competitive inhibition of CA binding to troponin C, 4- increase in threshold of free CA needed for contraction, |
| heat stress | the combo of environmental conditions, metabolic rate, and clothing that increase core temp |
| cold stress | combo of environment, metabolic rate, and clothing the result in heat loss from the core |
| glycemic response | relates to the rate at which carbs are digested and absorbed, what extent they raise blood glucose, and for how ling glucose remains elevated |
| glycemic index | is a ranking of how a food affects blood glucose in comparison to an equal amount of refernce carb like white bread |
| gluconeogenesis | producing new glucose in the liver |
| primary action of insulin | to reduce blood glucose levels |
| primary role of glucagon | to increase blood glucose levels |
| CHOLESTEROL | a waxy fat like substance found is foods of animal origin, on membranes of all cells, needed for bile acid and steroid formation |
| B complex vitamins | roles in energy production, red blood cell production, amino acid metabolism |
| vitamin c | anitoxidant, aids in iron absorption, supports immune system and healing process |
| sarcopenia | loss of skeletal mass that is common with aging |
| detraining | returning to a sedentary lifestyle after formalized training |
| atrophy | muscle size is reduced, almost exclusively because of reductions in the contractile proteins actin and myosin |
| atherosclerotic process begins by what? | injury to the endothelial lining of the arterial wall |
| fatty streak | lesion consists of foam cells, t and b lymphocytes and mast cells |
| hypertension | 140/90 most commonly diagnosed CVD |
| coronary heart disease | manifestation of advanced atherosclerotic progression in one or more coronary arteries, CHD is single largest killer in america |
| angina pectoris | referred pain resulting from MI, often described as substernal pressure, heaviness, or burning sometimes accompanied by dyspenea |
| chronic stable angina | typically elicited by physical or emotional stress and is relieved by rest or medication |
| unstable angina | may result from coronary vasospasm or transient occlusion |
| heart failure | chronic, degenerative condition in which the ability of one or both ventricles to fill with or eject blood is impaired |
| stroke | loss of brain function subsequent to the interpretation of blood flow, may occur because of hemorrhage or obstruction typically by occlusive thrombosis or embolism |
| peripheral artery disease | series of disorders in which blood flow through noncoronary arterial beds in inhibited. Classic manifestation is intermittent claudication |
| beta blockers | bind to beta receptors inhibiting the action of endrogeneous catecholamines. they reduce sympathetic effects of catecholamines on the heart and blood vessels resulting in reduced HR and bp |
| calcium channel blockers | inhibit stimulation of voltage regulated gates and promote vasodilation decreasing peripheral resistance and cardiac output |
| diuretic | control blood pressure by modulating the rate of urine excretion and thus plasma volume |
| ace inhibitor | blocks the reaction of angio 1 converting to angio 2 ensuing an increase in BP related to vessel constriction. may slow rate of arthersclerotic initiation and progression |
| statins | most popular cholesterol lowering med, they inhibit hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and increase the number of LDL receptors on hepatocytes enhancing the elimination of LDL from the blood |
| renins | bind to bile acids in the intestine, preventing their reabsorption and increasing excretion. they reduce total cholesterol and ldl |
| fibrates | produce moderate decreases in blood concentration of LDL and increase HDL and lower triglyerides |
| nicotonic acids | lowers serum levels of total cholesterol, LDL, VLDL, and triglycerides while increasing HDL |
| COPD | progressive airflow limitation that is not fully reversible and associated with an abnormal inflammatory response of the lung to noxious particles or gases- 4th leading cause of death-refers to chronic bronchitis and emphysema |
| chronic bronchitis | the inflammation and eventual scarring of the large airways |
| emphysema | permanent enlargement of airspaces distal to the terminal bronchioles accompanied by destruction of alveolar walls |
| asthma | airflow limitation that is often reversible and usually associated with airway hyperresponsiveness |
| dutch hypothesis | asthma, chronic bronchitis and emphysema are expressions of one disease entity |
| BODE index | a multidimensional scale that assigns points based on the results of 4 measures, nutritional status, airflow obstruction, dyspnea, and exercise capacity- higher the number the greater risk of death |
| asthma | inflammatory disease of the airways that is characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness, airflow obstruction that is often reversible, and respiratory symptoms including recurrent episodes of wheezing, sob, chest tightness and coughing |
| interstitial lung disease | a group of restrictive pulmonary diseases involving pathology primarily confined to the lung parenchyma |
| infiltrating disease | show deposition of a dominant substance within the interstitum such as a tumor- ex cardiogenic pulmonary edema |
| inflammatory disease | those processes well recognized as having inflammatory mediators propigating the pathogenesis |
| pneomothorax | collection of air within the pleural space |
| pulmonary hypertension | an elevation of the arterial pressure and vascular resistance in the pulmonary circulation, eventually resulting in right heart failure |
| hyperventilation | reduced partial pressure of co2 in arterial blood |
| normal fasting glucose | <100 mg/dl |
| hyerglycemia | impaired FG= 100-125 mg/dl or impaired glucose tolerance of 140-199mg.dl |
| type 1 diabetes | immune-mediated disease characterized by beta cell destruction which usually leads to absolute insulin deficiency |
| metabolic syndrome | disorder characterized by impaired glucose tolerance, dyslipedemia, and hypertension |
| diabetes related complications | CHD, stroke, hypertension, neuropothy, |
| mental illness | mental disorders that are diagnosed and involve alterations in thinking, mood or behavior or some combo of these and that are associated with impaired functioning |
| mental health problems | signs and symptoms that are not of a sufficient level of severity and duration that they can be diagnosed |
| bipolar disorder | mood disorder characterized by periods of both depression and mania |
| symptoms of mania | extreme elation or irritablity, increased energy, decreased need for sleep, grandiose ideas, inflated self esteem, physical agitation, poor judgement |
| symptoms of anxiety | intense worry, difficulty sleeping, dry mouth, increased heart rate, sweating, trembling, agitation |
| panic attacks | sudden expereince of intense feelings of fear or loss of control. Symptoms are palpitations, sweating, difficulty breathing, chest pain, dizziness |
| anorexia nervosa | insufficient caloric intake to sustain body weight, below normal weight for age and height, intense fear of becoming fat, distorted body image and disturbances in periods. |
| bulimia nervosa | involves episodes of binge eating or consuming large amounts of food within a discrete period of time then purging |
| substance abuse | a condition in which repeated substance use results in significant adverse effects that produce distress or impairment in functioning |
| substance dependence | cognitive, behavioral, and physiologic symptoms that result when an individual continues substance use despite problems |
| two most common risks associated with starting a new physical activity program | sudden cardiac events and orthopedic injury |
| exercise recommendations for diabetes | 150 min of mod- vig aerobic exercise per week coupled with resistance training, no more than 2 consecutive day off |
| contraindicators of resistance training | unstable angina, uncontrolled hypertension, uncontrolled dysrhythmias, recent history of congestive heart failure, severe stenotic disease |
| physical activity | a behavior that is any bodily movement produced by the contraaction of skeletal muscles that substantially increase energy expenditure |
| physical fitness | attained set of attributes that relates to the ability to perform physical activity |
| epidemiology | study of the distribution and derterminants of disease or injury |
| subjective methods | questionnaires or diaries where the physical assessment is based on the individuals perception of his/her level of activity |
| objective methods | level of physical activity are measured by an instrument |
| reliable method | gives the same results for a given amount of physical activity |
| valid method | accurately measures what it is intended to measure |
| MET | an estimate of intensity based on the ratio of working metabolic rate to resting metabolic ratw. 1 MET = 3.5 ml/kg/min |
| Low risk | those who do not have any signs/symptoms of CVD,Pulmonary disease or metabolic disease and have no more than 1 CVD risk factor |
| moderate risk | those that dont have signs/symptoms but have 2 or more risk factors |
| high risk | those that have 1 or more signs/symptoms of CVD, pulmonary or metabolic disease |
| signs/symptoms of CVD, Pulmonary or metabolic disease | pain, discomfort in the neck, jaw, arms; SOB with mild exertion; dizziness or syncope; orthopnea nocturnal dyspnea; ankle edema; palpitations or tachycardia; intermittent claudication; known heart murmur |
| signs favoring ischemic origin | constricting, squeezing, burning, heaviness feeling; located mid thorax, in one or both arms, in neck, cheek, teeth; brought on by exercise, stress, or after a meal |
| signs not ischemic origin | dull ache, sharp stabbing, jabs; located in left submammary area; brought on after exercise provoked by certain body motion |
| CVD risk factors | men over 45, women over 55; family history of MI or any cardiac incident; smoking or quit within 6 months; sedentary; obesity- BMI >30 and waist is over 40 for men and 35 for women; hypertension; dyslipedemia-ldl >130, hdl <40 total>200; prediabetic |
| prediabetic | ifg= >100 but <126, IGT >140 but <200 |
| metabolic disease criteria | any 3 of the following: large waist >40" in men and 35" in women, high triglycerides >150 mg/dl, low hdl <40, hypertension 135/85, fasting glucose >100mg/dl |
| acceptable macronutirent range | fat-20-35%, carb- 45-65%, protein 10-35% |
| omega 3 fatty acids | exert a cardioprotective effect and reduce CHD risk factors by reducing triglyceride levels, inhibiting platelet aggregation and formation of blood clots, lowers bp, prevents plaque formation and promotes health of vascular epithelium |
| homocysteine | highly reactive sulfur containing amino acid that is thought to damage endothelial cells |
| soluble fiber | increases the excretion of cholesterol in the bile and can be obtained from berries,veggies, oats |
| contributing factors to osteoporosis | hormone deficiencies, tobacco and alcohol use, decreased activity, athletic ammenoreah, medication effects |
| diet records | based on a report of actual intake over a specific number of days like 3-4 but no more than 7 |
| 24 hour recall method | in a structured interview, the respondent is asked to recall everything consumed in 24 hours |
| food frequency questionnaire | composed of a list of foods, options for reporting the frequency of intake and potion size |
| dietary reference intake | estimate of nutrient intake that can be used to assess and plan diets for generally healthy people |
| structural support | social networks like marital status, number of friends and participation in church or civic organization |
| functional support | perception of support and includes such elements as instrumental support and emotional support |
| anxiety | negative affective state with a component of fear because of an inability to predict, control or obtain desired results in upcoming situations |
| asthma | lung disease with recurrent exacerbations of airflow constriction, mucous secretion and chronic inflammation of the airways resulting in reduced airflow that causes symptoms of wheezing, chest tightening, cough and difficulty breathing |
| mental health | the successful performance of mental function, resulting in productive activities, fulfilling relationships with other people and the ability to adapt to change and to cope with adversity |
| three components of self regulation model | monitoring health behavior, goal setting, and proactive enlistment of social and other resources |
| self efficacy | one's perception of having the necessary capabilities to learn and navigate the many challenges of daily life |
| stress | an organized, psychophysiologic reaction to ongoing relationships with the environment |
| general adaptation syndrome | a variety of physical stressors elicited a common, characteristic physiologic response pattern. 3 phases are alarm, reaction, exhaustion |
| alarm phase | entails physiologic arousal that increases metabolism and heightens vigiliance |
| reaction phase | sustained activation that underlies coping response |
| cognitive behavior therapy | a problem oriented time limited intervention model that views psychological distress as the result of negative thoughts based on either conscious or nonconscious unrealistic underlying assumptions about the world |
| sarcopenia | the degenerative loss of skeletal mass and strength as a result of aging and reduced physical activity |
| indirect methods of body comp assessment | underwater weighing |
| doubly indirect methods | skinfolds |
| residual volume | the amount of air remaining in the lungs following full expiration |
| most common method for finding BP | ausculation of brachial artery |
| stroke volume | volume of blood ejected from the heart per beat |
| cardiac output | product of HR times SV or the volume pumped by the heart in 1 minute |
| blood pressure | force of blood against the walls of the arteries and veins created by the heart as it pumps blood through the body |
| force arm | perpendicular distance measured between the joint center and muscle insertion |
| resistance arm | distance measured from joint center and point of resistance application |
| resistance exercise | a single bout of variable resistance exercise |
| resistance training | long term program of progression and overload leading to benefits |
| FEV1 | Forced expiratory volume in 1 second- volume of air blown out in 1 second after full inspiration |
| FVC | Forced volume capacity- volume of air blown out after full inspiration |
Created by:
822220549