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Psych 1103 final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Social Psychology | The study of how people think about, influence, and relate to people |
| Social Cognition | Area of social psychology that explores how people select, interpret and remember and use social information |
| Personal Perception | Processes by which we use social stimuli to form impressions of each other |
| Self-fulfilling prophecy | expectations cause individuals to act in ways that serve to make the expectations come true. This is a potential power of stereotypes |
| Attribution | The process by which we come to understand the causes of others behavior and form an impression of them as individuals |
| Attribution Theory | The view that people are motivated to discover the underlying causes of behavior as part of their effort to make sense of the behavior. |
| What are the dimensions of the attribution theory? | 1. internal vs. external (traits/abilities vs. social pressures) 2. Stable vs. unstable: permanent vs. temporary 3. controllable vs. noncontrollable (prepared vs. bad weather) |
| Who produces the behavior | actor |
| Who offers a causal explanation? | observer |
| Fundamental attribution error | observer's overestimation of the importance of internal traits and underestimation of the importance of external situations when they seek explanations of an actor's behavior |
| Heuristics | cognitive shortcuts that allow us to make decisions rapidly |
| False consensus effect | Observer's overestimation of the degree to which everybody else thinks or acts the way they do |
| self-esteem | degree to which we have positive or negative feelings about ourselves |
| positive illusions | positive views of the self that are not necessarily rooted in reality |
| self-serving biases | the tendency to take credit for our successes and deny responsibility for our failures |
| self-objectification | the tendency to see one-self primarily as an object in the eyes of others |
| stereotype threat | An individual's fast acting, self-fulfilling fear of being judged based on a negative stereotype about his or her group; these people are well aware of the typical stereotype they fall into |
| Social Comparison | the process by which we evaluate our thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and abilities in relation to other people |
| Attitudes | our feelings opinions, and beliefs about people, objects and ideas |
| Cognitive Dissonance | an individual's psychological discomfort caused by two inconsistent thoughts |
| effort justification | rationalizes the amount of effort we put into something |
| self-perception theory | Bem's theory on how behaviors influence attitudes, stating that individuals make inferences about their attitudes by perceiving their behavior (behavior can cause attitudes) |
| Festinger Cognitive Dissonance Theory vs. Bem Self perception theory | We are motivated toward consistency between attitudes and behavior &away from inconsistency VS. We make inferences about our attitudes by perceiving and examining our behavior & the context it occurs, which involve inducements to behave in certain way |
| Communicator | Trustworthiness, expertise, power, attractiveness, likability and similarity are all credibility characteristics that help a communicator |
| Medium | Technology |
| Target | Age and attitude strength |
| Message | Some involve strong logical arguments and others focus on exciting emotions such as fear or anger |
| Elaboration likelihood model | theory identifying two ways to persuade: a central route and a peripheral route. The central route is a sound, logical argument and the peripheral route is non-message factors such as the sources credibility and attractiveness or emotions |
| Foot in Door Technique | making a smaller request at the beginning, save the biggest demand for last |
| door in the face technique | Biggest pitch in the beginning then make a smaller concessionary demand |
| inoculation | giving people a weak version of an argument and then allowing time to argue against it |
| altruism | unselfish interest in helping another person |
| egoism | Giving to another person to ensure reciprocity, to gain self esteem, to present oneself as a powerful, competent, or caring; or to avoid censure from oneself and others for failing to live up to societies expectations |
| How does mood effect altruistic behavior? | mood- happy people are more likely to help than unhappy people. However, helping people when you are in a bad mood might be a mood booster |
| Feeling of evaluation | when we do someone else a good deed; these also increase the chances that we will do something kind for ourselves |
| Empathy | a feeling of oneness with the emotional state of another person; "putting ourselves into another person's shoes" |
| Socio-cultural factors of altruism | everyone deserves fair treatment 1. market economy- not taking advantage 2. religion- golden rule-treat people the way you would like to be treated |
| bystander effect | the tendency of an individual who observes an emergency to help less when other people are present than when the observer is alone. There is a diffusion of responsibility among st witnesses |
| aggression | social behavior whose objective is to harm someone either physically or verbally |
| Biological Aggression | evolutionary, genetic, neurobiological; limbic system: electrical currents, frontal lobes (planning and self control), neurotransmitters (lower levels of serotonin) and testosterone |
| frustration | blocking of an individuals attempts to reach a goal, triggers aggression |
| frustration-aggression hypothesis | frustration always leads to aggression; proved wrong because other things lead to aggression including but not limited to physical pain, personal insults, crowding and unpleasant events |
| Social cognitive theorists | individuals learn aggression through reinforcement and observational learning |
| conformity | a change in a person's behavior to coincide more closely with a group standard |
| informational social influences | the influence other people have on us because we want to be right. |
| What are the two main factors contributing to conformity | 1. how confident we are in out independent judgement 2. how well informed we are |
| obedience | behavior that complies with the explicit demands of the individual in authority |
| deindividuation | the reduction in personal identity and erosion of the sense of personal responsibility when one is part of a group Ex. wild street celebration that erupts after a team's championship victory |
| social contagion | Imitative behavior involving the spread of actions, emotions and ideas |
| social facilitation | improvement in an individual's performance because of the presence of others; increases performance on well-learned tasks because around other people we are aroused and arousal=energy |
| social loafing | Each person's tendency to exert less effort in a group because of reduced accountability for individual effort: larger group, more loafing without detection |
| risky shift | the tendency for a group decision to be riskier than the average decision made by the individual group members |
| group polarization effect | the solidification and further strengthening of an individual's position as a consequence of a group discussion or interaction (product of social comparison) |
| groupthink | the impaired group decision making that occurs when making the right decision is less important than maintaining group harmony. Symptoms include overestimating the power and morality of one's group, closedmindedness, not hearing all sides. |
| What is the significance of the majority? | sets up group norms, greater opportunity to share views |
| Social identity | the way we define ourselves in terms of our group membership. 5 distinct types: 1. ethnicity and religion 2. political affiliation 3. vocations and avocations 4. personal relationships 5. stigmatized groups |
| social identity theory | theory that our social identities are a crucial part of our self image and a valuable source of positive feelings about ourselves. Improve self image- compare your ingroup with other outgroups |
| ethnocentrism | the tendency to favor one's own ethnic group over other groups |
| prejudice | an unjustified negative attitude toward an individual based on the individual's membership in a particular group |
| explicit racism | person's conscious and openly shared attitude |
| implicit racism | attitudes that exist on a deeper, hidden level |
| discrimination | an unjustified negative or harmful action toward a member of a group simply because the person belongs to that group |
| task oriented cooperation | working together on a shared goal |
| proximity | physical closeness |
| mere exposure effect | the phenomenon that the more we encounter someone or something, the more probable it is that we will start liking the person or thing even if we do not realize we have seen it before |
| consensual validation | why people are attracted to others that are similar to them |
| romantic love | also called passionate love; love with strong components of sexuality and infatuation, often dominant in the early part of a love relationship |
| affectionate love | Also called companionate love; love that occurs when individuals desire to have another person near and have a deep, caring affection for the person |
| social exchange theory | the view of social relationships as involving an exchange in goods, the objective of which is to minimize costs and maximize benefits |
| equity | a feeling on the part of the individuals relationship is doing his or her own fair share |
| investment model | a model of long-term relationships that examines the ways that commitment, investment, and the availability of attractive alternative partners predict satisfaction and stability in relationships |
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