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Dollard and Miller
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Dollard and Miller | Highly theoretical, explained Freudian ideas, cultural contexts |
| Drives | Any strong stimulus that impels an organism to action, elimination or reduction is reinforcing - Internal= thirst, hunger - External= loud noises, temperature |
| Primary Drives | Biologically determined, directly related to survival, building blocks of personality - Hunger, thirst, pain, sex, elimination |
| Secondary Drives | Acquired, culturally determined - Fear, anxiety, needs |
| Acquired Drives | Fear, a primary drive can give rise to learned or secondary drives, which can continue to motivate an organisms' behavior even when the original source of primary drive is no longer present |
| Habit | Link between a stimulus and a response - If a stimulus leads to a response, which produces a reinforcer, the association becomes stronger - S-R theory of learning |
| Habit Response/Family Hierarchy | Every cue elicits several responses, tendency for certain responses to occur before others - Cue elicits several responses simultaneously that very in terms of their probability of occurrence |
| Innate Hierarchy | Genetically determined set of responses that is triggered by certain drive conditions, no learning is involved - Example: Irritation |
| Resultant Hierarchy | Rearrangement of hierarchy due to learning |
| Learning Dilemma | All learning depends on failure, no failure=no learning |
| Instrumental Learning | Operant Conditioning/Learning |
| Instrumental Learning: Drives | Energizes the behavior, impels action, motivational |
| Cues | Guides behavior, indicates the appropriate direction an activity should take -When, where and how to respond |
| Response | Aimed at reducing the drive, or eliminating it - Elicited by drives and cues |
| Overt Response | Instrumental in reducing a drive, direct |
| Internal Response | Cue-producing response, the thinking, planing and reasoning that will reduce a drive |
| Reasoning | Solving an immediate problem |
| Planning | Solution of a future problem |
| Reinforcement | Drive reduction, any stimulus that causes drive reduction is a reinforcer - Must occur before learning to take place |
| 4 Critical Training Situations | Profound influence on adult personality - How needs are satisfied influence if you will become a normal healthy adult or a neurotic one |
| Feeding Situation | The conditions where the hunger drive is satisfied will be learned and generalized into personality - Satisfaction of basic needs vs. fear, loneliness and helplessness - Problem outcomes: apathy, fear of being alone |
| Cleanliness Training | Toilet training, if parents respond negatively the child may loath themselves - Enjoyment of things pertaining to self vs. fear, anger and guilt - Possible outcomes: anxiety, guilt about fecal matter |
| Early Sex Training | Early efforts to masturbate, causes physical punishment for being dirty - Sex drive is innate, fear of sexual thoughts and activities learned in childhood - Bodily pleasure vs. fear and guilt - Possible outcomes: repression of sexual thoughts and needs |
| Anger-Anxiety Conflicts | Most common reaction to frustration is aggression -Self assertion vs. disapproval, punishment, rejection |
| Displacement | Substitution, taking your emotions out on something/someone else - If a need can't be satisfied directly, it is displaced and satisfied indirectly - Substituting when the primary want isn't available or feared |
| Displaced Aggression | Taking anger out on someone or something else |
| Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis | A person is always aggressive when frustrated, frustration always leads to aggression and aggression results only from frustration - Leads to stress reaction, cope with counteractive behavior - Now- aggression is one of several reactions of frustration |
| Unconscious Experiences | Unconscious processes are extremely important in determining behavior - experiences that were never verbalized- some learning occurs before language is developed - experiences are unlabeled, can't be recalled |
| Repression | When potentially painful thoughts are aborted before they enter consciousness, not thinking thoughts that are unpleasant |
| Repressed Experiences | Causes anxiety |
| Suppression | Stopping thoughts that cause anxiety - Learned, followed by drive reduction |
| 4 Types of Conflict | Situation in which two or more incompatible response tendencies exist simultaneously |
| Approach-Approach Conflict | Two positive goals are equally desirable at the same time - easiest to resolve |
| Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict | Two negative goals, don't want either |
| Approach-Avoidance Conflict | Only 1 goal, but it has both negative and positive qualities |
| Double Approach-Avoidance Conflict | 2 goals, each goal has positive and negative qualities |
| Neurosis and Symptom Formation | Stupidity-misery syndrome= the neurotic is stupid and miserable - Conflict is at the core of neurotic behavior, unconscious, learned in childhood - Develops symptoms that are manifestations of repressed conflicts |
| Neurosis | Causes a person to function at less than maximum efficiency - Results from unconscious conflict that originates from early childhood |
| Symptom Formation | Neurotic's tendency to develop things like phobias, compulsions or physical disorders because they reduce anxiety temporarily |
| Criticisms | - Unsuccessful synthesis of Hull's and Freud's theory - Overgeneralization from animals to humans - Overly simplistic approach - Research suggests that reinforcement often doesn't produce drive reduction |
| Contributions | - Synthesis of Hull's and Freud's theory - Scientific rigor |
Created by:
paigey3