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ch 14 mutations
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| mutations are the only away in which totally genes are created in a _____. | gene pool |
| mutation: | change in the nucleotides sequence of the DNA |
| missense mutation: | ex: changing a codon from GAA to GUA changes the amino acid in the protein from glum ate to valine. |
| Silent mutation: | has no effect; EX: changing codon from GAA to GAG would not change protein because they both CODE for the same amino acid. |
| Changing a codon to stop a codon: | terminates translation, only part of the protein is made. |
| Insertion or selection if a nucleotide: | changes the reading frame of the message. letters are added or omitted. |
| mutations can occur in _________ regions of a gene. | noncoding |
| mutation in the PROMOTER sequence of a gene have a huge affect on the ____ | TRANSCRIPTION of that gene. |
| Mutations in TRANSCRIPTIONAL regulators will also affect | TRANSCRIPTION. |
| mutation n SPLICE SITES can affect the ability of the mRNA to be ____ | modified before transcription. |
| where mutation occurs affects how it is _____ down. | passed |
| Germ line cells: | the precursors to eggs and sperm. 1. will affect every cell in the individual 2. will be found in some of the gametes (typically 50%) |
| Somatic cell mutation: | occurs in fertilization; 1. only affects the daughter cells of the mutated cell 2. will not be passed down to the individuals offspring, since it did not occur in the gametes. |
| spontaneous mutations occur at random | therefore mistakes can happen |
| induced mutations are caused by outside agent called ____. | mutagen, they can be chemical or physical. |
| direct repair: | an enzyme finds a mutation and restores the DNA to its proper configuration. EX: if DNA had a alkyl group added, the enzyme would simply removed it. |
| nucleotide excision repair | segment of DNA including damaged region is cut out of the DNA. the other strand is then used as a template to synthesize a normal piece of DNA. |
| if cell is unable to repair DNA damage, one possible outcome is ___. | cancer |
| cancer is ____. | uncontrolled cell division. |
| most cancer are caused by the exposure to ____ | carcinogens, mutagens that affect the cell cycle. |
| cancer is a multistep process: | 1. Single cell undergoes a mutation that passes to its daughters cells. 2.they grow abnormally, forming a TUMOR, 3. mutation causes tumor to become MALIGNANT ( infectious) |
| when cells enter blood stream, the cancer has _____. | metastasized! ( grow/spread) |
| oncogene: | gene that causes the uncontrolled cell growth that characterizes cancer. |
| most oncogenes encode protein that are part of ______ | cell signaling pathways. |
| cell division is usually controlled by ____ | growth factors. |
| growth factors: | binds to a cell receptor, which activates the gene that stimulate cell division. |
| onogenes may cause the pathway ___ | to be be permanently turned on as it is seen on RAS pathway. |
| if ras pathway is active, the cell will | DIVIDE, even though there is no growth factor telling it to. |
| protooncogenes | where oncogenes come from and where they are created by mutations in normal genes |
| missense mutation: | change the function of protein |
| gene amplication | which genes have been duplicated, so more protein being produced. |
| translocation: | where gene have been moved away from its normal promotor |
| retroviaral insertion, | where a virus has interrupted a gene so it was not be regulated normally. |
| tumor-suppressor genes | either prevent cel division or enhanced the DNA repair process. |
| Apoptosis | called programmed cell death |
| tumor suppressor genes is also called | p53 |
Created by:
tinapham9519