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Research Chapter 9
Research Exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Data collected before an intervention, including pretreatment measures of the outcomes | Baseline Data |
| Research design in which there are separate groups of people being compared (smokers and non-smokers) | Between-Subjects Design |
| Process of preventing tyhose involved in a study from having info that could lead to a bias AKA: Masking | Blinding |
| Nonexperimental research design involving comparison of "cases" (people with condition under scrutiny) and matched controls (similar people without the condition) | Case-control Design |
| Group of study participants whose scores on a dependent variable are used to evaluate the outcomes of the group of primary interest (nonsmokers as comparison group for smokers); used in lieu of control group when the study design is not a true experiment | Comparison Group |
| Subjects in an experiment who do not receive the experimental treatment and whose performance provides a baseline against which the effects of the treatment can be measured. | Control Group |
| Research that explores the interrelationships among variables of interest, without researcher intervention. | Correlational Research |
| Experimental design in which one group of subjects is exposed to more than one condition or treatment, in random order | Crossover Design |
| Study design in which data are collected at one point in time; sometimes used to infer change over time when data are collected from different age or developmental groups | Cross-sectional design |
| Study in which the researcher controls the independent variable and randomly assigns subjects to different conditions. | Experiment |
| Degree to which study results can be generalized to settings or samples other than the one studied | External Validity |
| Experiment design in which two or more independent variables are simultaneously manipulated, permitting a separate analysis of the main effects of the independent variables and their interaction | Factorial Design |
| Occurrence of events external to an intervention but concurrent with it, which can affect the dependent variable and threaten the studys internal validity | History Threat |
| In terms of the reliability of an instrument, the degree to which its subparts are internally consistent (measuring the same critical attribute); more generally, the degree to which objects are similar (characterized by low variability) | Homogenity |
| Degree to which it can be inferred that the experimental treatment (independent variable), rather than uncontrolled, confounding factors, caused the observed effects | Internal Validity |
| Extent to which the implementation of a treatment is faithful to its plan | Intervention Fidelity |
| Study designed to collect data at more than one point in time, in contrast to a cross-sectional study | Longitudinal Study |
| Process of preventing those involved in a study from having info that could lead to a bias (knowledge of which treatment group a participant is in ); masking | Blinding |
| Intro of an intervention of treatment in an experimental or quasi-experimental study to assess its impact on the dependent variable. | Manipulation |
| Pairing of subjects in one group with those in a comparison group based on their similarity on one or more dimension, to enhance group comparability. | Matching |
| Threat to the internal validity of a study that results when changes to the outcome (dependent) variable result from the passage of time | Maturation Threat |
| Threat to the internal validity of a study, referring to the differential loss of participants (attrition) from different groups | Mortality Threat |
| Quasi-experimental design involving a comparison group that was not created through random assignment | Nonequivalent control group design |
| Studies in which the researcher collects data without introucing an intervention; also called observational research | Nonexperimental research |
| experimental design in which data are collected from subjects only after the intervention has been introduced | posttest-only design |
| Experimental design in which data are collected from research subjects both before and after introducing an intervention; also called a before-after design | pretest-posttest design |
| Study design that begins by measuring a presumed cause (cigarette smoking) and then goes forward in time to measure presumed effects (lung cancer) | Prospective Design |
| Design for testing an intervention in which participants are not randomly assigned to treatment conditions; also called a nonrandomized trial or a controlled trial without randomization | Quasi-experimental Design |
| Assignment of participants to treatment conditions in a random manner | Random Assignment |
| Study design that begins with the manifestation of the dependent variable in the present (lung cancer) followed by a search for a presumed cause occuring in the past (cigarette smoking) | Retrospective Design |
| Threat to a studys internal validity resulting from preexisting differences between groups under study; differences affect the dependent variable in ways extraneous to the effect of the independent variable | Selection Threat (Self Selection) |
| Quasi-experimental design involving the collection of data over an extended time period, with multiple data collection points both before and after an intervention | Time series design |
| Research design in which a single group of subjects is compared under different conditions or at different points in time (before and after surgery) | Within-subjects design |
| Broad design options Experimental Quasi-experimental Non-experimental design (observational) | Interventions |
| Within subject design Same people compared at different times or under different conditions | Comparisons |
| Randomization Crossover Homogeneity Matching Statistical Control | Control over confounding variables |
| Cross-sectional, longitudinal design | Timeframes |
| Single site versus multi-site; in the field versus controlled setting | Location |
| Seeking identification of a causal relationship cause/effect among variables | Causality |
| Cause must preceed the effect in time Must be demonstrated emperical relationship Relationship between presumed cause and effect cannot be explained by a third variable | Three key criteria of Causality |
| causal relationship should be consistant with evidence from basic physiologic studies | Biologic Plausability |
| Evidence about the existance of a relationship should come from multiple sources | Coherence |
Created by:
ebehlmann