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science ch.18 test
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| State three ways the landmasses of the earth degenerate | weathering, mass wasting, erosion |
| what are the two types of weathering | chemical and mechanical |
| how are chemical and mechanical weathering different | chemical weathering involves changing mineral make-up;mechanical is the breaking down of rocks to smaller pieces |
| what factors can influence the rate of chemical weathering | the kind of minerals in rocks; climate; temperature;moisture; amount of exposure |
| how much does water expand when it freezes | 9% |
| how does water affect the waethering of rock and soils? | breaks rocks into smaller pieces |
| what is the accumulation of rock debris at the base of a cliff called | talus |
| what type of weathering produces this debris | mechanical weathering |
| (true or false) weathering reduces the orderliness of the materials in the original rock | true |
| list possible components of soil | sand,silt,clay,combined with decayed,organic material |
| where do soil scientists believe these components come from | sand from weathered quartz; silt deposited as sediment; clay weathered feldspar; organic material from decayed plants,animals |
| what is another name for a soil scientist | pedologists |
| what are the layers of soil called | horizons |
| which layer has the most humus and why? | a horizon it's the top layer of the soil |
| what are some evidences that soils so not require thousands of years to form? | scientists have shown that soil can form in a few years |
| (true or false) the newly created soil in the Garden of Eden must have contained A-,B-,and C-, horizons over the bedrock | false |
| what is the downhill movement of large masses of soil or rock under the influence of gravity called | mass wasting |
| what factors can lead to this kind of earth movement? | the slope of the land, the vegatation of the area, presence of water |
| what kind of evidence indicates that creep is occuring | creep causes things to tilt like telephone poles,fences, etc. |
| what are two ways to prevent damage to a building due to creep | building a retaining way so it stops the flow or anchoring the building to bedrock |
| what is rapid mass wasting that involves detached pieces of bedrock called | rockslide |
| list three kinds of debris slides | earthflow,mudflows,avalanches |
| what is one common cause of debris slides | earthquake |
| (true or false)rock glaciers occur only in areas where the soil remains frozen most of the year | true |
| what is the rate of drop of a stream called | gradient |
| how does this characteristic affect the amount of sediment a stream can carry? | it's higher,carries more sediment more turbulent, more gradient |
| what is the ultimate base level for most streams | sea level |
| can a stream flow below this ultimate base level;explain | yes,beacuse thay can flow below sea level if they're flowing into a depression that is below sea level |
| what are smaller streams that flow into larger streams called | tributaries |
| what is the main difference in energy contained in high-gradient and low-gradient streams | high-gradient stream has more energy because it's energy is flowing faster low-gradient doesn't flow fast |
| what is a looping bend in the path of a low-gradient stream called | meander |
| what often occurs to these bends with time | often cuts off forming a neck cut-off or an oxbow lake |
| what form of erosion occurs when water dissolves minerals and removes them from the soil | solution erosion |
| compare alluvial fans with delta | alluvial fan created when a high gradient stream falls on a level plain and deposites a large sediment delta is formed at a river's mouth |
| _?_ is the disinergration of rocks | weathering |
| hills are lowered by _?_?_ | mass wasting |
| the erosion of _?_ disinergrates streams | soil |
| chemical and mechanical are types of_?_ | weathering |
| _?_?_ are agents of chemical weathering | natural acids |
| mechanical weathering_?_break up agents of physical weathering process | agents |
| _?_ and_?_ produce mechanical weathering | warmth moisture |
| chemical weathering is promoted by the exposure of _?_?_ to weathering agents | rock surface |
| mechanical weathering breaks up rocks by _?_?_ | physical force |
| _?_?_ is a type of weathering in which ice pushes surface material upward | frost heaving |
| carbonic acid and humic acid are two agents that promote_?_ weathering | chemical |
| way of freezing water causes weathering | frost heaving |
| wind carries off loose material, leaving excavated areas called | blowouts |
| rock debris called_?_,accumulates at the base of a cliff | talus |
| exfoliation a process which involves both chemical and mechanical weathering extensively weathers even extremely durable materials like | granite |
| a _?_?_ is a place where all the materials have blown away,leaving only pebbles and cobbles | desert pavement |
| a fine-grained material deposited as sediment from water | silt |
| produced by the decompostion of leaves and other organic matter | humus |
| the soil component most likely to be dominant in a region with mainly quartz rocks | sand |
| the soil component most likely to be predominant in a region with mainly mica and feldspar minerals | clay |
| an especially fertile soil, containing about equal parts of sand and silt and about half as much clay | loam |
| a process used by farmers in dry climates to help their crops grow in fertile soils | irrigation |
| chemical or organic nutrients added to the soil by farmers to restore the nutrients that have been removed from the soil | fertilizer |
| a cross section of the soil | profile |
| layers of soil seen in in the profile | horizons |
| abrasion | the grinding away of rock by rock particles carried by water, ice wind, or gravity |
| ice wedging | the process that splits rock when water seeps into cracks, then freezes and expands |
| permeable | the ability of material that allows water to pass easily through. |
| weathering | the process that breaks down rock and other substances at Earth’s surface |
| oxidation | the interaction between iron and oxygen in the presence of water, producing rust. |
| mechanical weathering | when rock is physically broken into smaller pieces and the mineral composition is the same for the smaller pieces and the rock they came from. |
| mechanical weathering | the grinding away of rock by rock particles carried by water, ice wind, or gravity. |
| chemical weathering | when rock is broken down into smaller pieces by substances and the smaller pieces have a different mineral composition than the rock they came from. |
| soil | forms as rock is weathered and mixes with other materials on the surface |
| What is soil made out of | A mixture of rock particles, minerals, decayed organic material, air, and water and humus |
| Humus | is a dark-colored substance that forms as plant and animal remains decay |
| What is humus rich in? or what does humus have that plants need to grow | in nutrients plants need to grow |
| What makes up the soil texture | Gravel, sand , slit and clay |
| Put in order from largest to smallest (sand, clay, slit, gravel | Gravel (1) Sand (2) Slit (3) and Clay (4) |
| _____________ is less permeable than gravel | Clay |
| if the texture is too dense (not permeable) | Plants will not survive |
| If texture is not dense enough | plants may survive |
| Loam | made up of equal parts of clay, slit and sand. This is best for growing plants |
| A soil horizon | is a layer of soil that differs in color and texture from the layers above or below it |
| Horizon A contains | topsoil (6-12")plow pan |
| Horizon B contains | subsoil (12-36") hard pan |
| Bedrock | the solid layer of rock beneath the soil the last layer |
| Horizon C | parent material -- Contains only partly weathered rock. This is where you will see bigger rocks and less soil |
| topsoil | is a crumbly, dark brown soil that is a mixture of humus, clay, and other minerals This is what you walk on outside |
| subsoil | usually consists of clay and other particles washed down from the A horizon, but contains little humus Below the topsoil. The subsoil is a little lighter in color than the topsoil |
| Once the bedrock gets to the top, it becomes weathered and turns into topsoil | |
| How fast is soil made | develops the quickest in areas with a warm and rainy climate |
| Areas with _________ weather quicker than areas with __________ | limestone, granite |
| Put these in order from top to bottom: | bedrock, topsoil, subsoil |
| ioerh |
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