Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
S&H Science
Exam 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Sound produced at the ___ consists of a fundamental frequency that corresponds to the vibration of the vocal folds and many harmonics | larynx |
| Sound produced at the larynx consists of a ___ ___ that corresponds to the vibration of the vocal folds and many ____ | fundamental frequency; harmonics |
| What does the fundamental frequency of the sound produced at the larynx correspond with? | 1. vibration of vocal folds 2. many harmonics |
| With sound produced at the larynx, harmonics ____ in intensity as they ____ in frequency | decrease intensity; increase frequency |
| With sound produced at the larynx, harmonics decrease in intensity as they increase in frequency (____dB/____) | 12 dB/octave |
| An adult male's vocal tract in the neutral position (schwa) has vowel formants at: ? | 1. 500 hz 2. 1500 hz 3. 2500 hz |
| What is the neutral position? | (schwa) |
| Which glottal sounds are attenuated as they travel through the vocal tract? | Those beyond the cutoff |
| Which glottal sounds are amplified as they travel through the vocal tract? | Harmonics close to the RFs and lie in between the upper and lower cutoff frequencies |
| The ___ of each Formant is relative wide | bandwith |
| The bandwith of each formant is ___ ___ | relative wide |
| The sound that emerges from the filtering has the same ___ and ___ as the glottal sound | Fo & harmonics |
| The sound that emerges from the ____ has the same Fo & harmonics as the glottal sound | filtering |
| Do the Fo & Harmonics change from the glottal sound to the filtered sound? | No, what has changed is the amplitude of harmonics |
| What happens to the amplitude of the harmonics from the glottal sound to the filtered sound? | Some harmonics have been amplified and transmitted through the system and some have been damped |
| The ____ of the sound has changed from the glottis to the lips | quality |
| Quality and ___ are related | amplitude |
| Explain the source/filter model | |
| The ____ has the greatest amplitude | fundamental frequency |
| Successively ____ harmonics have less amplitude | higher |
| successively higher harmonics have ___ ___ | less amplitude |
| Acoustic energy up to around _____ hz | 5000 hz |
| Perceptually, acoustic energy sounds like what? | a low intensity buzz |
| What is the source function? | |
| Does the second graph represent a sound? | NO |
| The ____ graph of the source filter model is a ____ ____ representing the ____ ____ of the adult male vocal tract for the ___ vowel | second graph, frequency response, schwa vowel |
| Where does resonance occur on the second graph? | 500 hz, 1500hz, 2500 hz |
| What is the second graph called? | transfer function |
| What does the 3rd graph represent? | sound when it emerges at the lips |
| What is sound output? | Sound when it emerges at the lips |
| With sound output, the sound has been filtered according to what? | The frequency response of the vocal tract |
| The same Fo and harmonics are present in the ___ as in the ___ ____ | output ; glottal source |
| The ____ of the harmonics have been modified | amplitude |
| What does the modification of amplitude of harmonics result in? | a specific sound quality |
| The acoustic sound characteristics of speech come from what? | the movement of air through the vocal tract |
| What does the movement of air through the vocal tract result in? | Acoustic sound characteristics |
| The way the air moves through the vocal tract depends on what? | Actions of various articulators |
| The actions of the articulators create Variations in what? | 1. pressures 2. flows 3. resistances within vocal tract |
| vibration of any object can occur ___ or by ___ | freely or by force |
| What determines the rate of a freely vibrating object without interference? | 1. mass 2. length 3. tension |
| T or F: When an object is set in vibration, it ALWAYS vibrates at its own specific frequency | true |
| What is natural or resonant frequency? | An object ALWAYS vibrates at its own specific frequency |
| In ____: an object is forced to vibrate in reponse to vibrations of another object | resonance |
| In resonance: an object is ___ to vibrate in response to vibrations of another object | forced |
| Tuning fork 1 would be ___ frequency and tuning fork 2 would be the ____ | applied; resonantor |
| Tuning for one creates ___ ___ | original sound |
| Tuning fork two makes sound ___ | louder |
| The greater the RF of the driving force is to the RF of the resonator = the ____ the ___ | the greater the amplitude |
| What is an acoustic resonator? | resonater filled with air |
| Why are acoustic resonators important to speech? | because they act as filters - filtering some frequencies out of a sound and allowing others to remain |
| Which frequencies in acoustic resonators will be amplified and heard the loudest? | Those closest to the RF |
| What happens to the frequencies farther away from the RFs? | they will be dampened or attenuated and heard more softly |
| Acoustic resonator = __ __ | vocal tract |
| The frequencies Closer to the tube’s RF are heard the loudest: | amplification |
| The farther away a frequency is from the RF the more softly the sound is perceived: | attenuation |
| Describe filter action | Amplify sounds frequencies close to the RF and Attenuate (dampen) frequencies farther away from the RF |
| Did earlier species have a vocal tract like ours? | no |
| What was the difference in earlier species vocal tracts? | theirs were shorter |
| The ___ of earlier species was positioned ___ in the neck between which vertebrae? | larynx; higher; 1st and 3rd |
| What resulted from the shorter vocal tract of earlier species? | They could only produce a limited range of sounds |
| Where is our larnyx located? | between 4th and 7th cervical vertebrae |
| HOw long is the adult male vocal tract? | 17 cm |
| How long is the adult female vocal tract? | 14-15 cm |
| How long is a young child's vocal tract? | 8-9 cm |
| What does the vocal tract consist of? | 1. pharynx 2. oral cavity 3. nasal cavity |
| What allows the large range of different speech sounds to be generated? | the ability to vary the shape of the vocal tract |
| Sound travels in ___ through the vocal tract | waves |
| Name 3 examples of how the shape of the vocal tract can be changed | 1. moving tongue position 2. raise or lower velum 3. open or close lips and jaw |
| What is the vocal tract? | a tube filled with air that filters frequencies produced by the larynx or within the vocal tract itself |
| What are the 3 distinct characteristics of vocal tract resonance? | 1. quarter wave resonance 2. Series of air-filled containers hooked up to each other 3. Variable Resonator |
| Quarter wave resonator is ___ at one end and ___ at the other | closed at one end and open at the other |
| Each air filled container acts as a ___ ___ | bandpass filter |
| Each container has it's own ____ frequency | resonant |
| The overall resonant frequency is ____ for the whole container | different |
| Why is the vocal tract (air filled containers) broadly tuned? | because of it's irregular shaped |
| The vocal tract (air filled containers) are ___ tuned | broadly |
| ____ are the other frequencies that are odd number multiples of the lowest RF | formants |
| The lowest RF has a wavelength that is ___ times the length of the tube | 4x |
| What is the formula to calculate wavelength? | 4x length of the tube |
| What is the formula to convert wavelength to frequency? | Hz = speed of sound/wavelength |
| The ___ RFs are odd number multiples of the ___ RF | highest; lowest |
| What are formants? | The RFs of the entire vocal tract |
| Frequency response changes depending on the variable resonator's ____ | shape |
| Every time you move the articulators, you change the shape of the vocal tract which also changes the ___ | formants |
| What is bandwith? | It refers to the range of frequencies that a resonator will transmit |
| Resonators that are perfectly symmetrical have a ____ bandwidth | narrow |
| What is a narrow bandwidth? | only transmit a narrow range of frequencies |
| Which resonators have a wider bandwidth? | those that are more complex and irregular in shape |
| Resonators that are complex and wide in shape are ___ tuned | broadly |
| What is bandpass filter? | |
| What determines the bandwidth of a resonator? | shape and other physical characteristics |
| ___ : the range of frequencies that a resonator will transmit | bandwidth |
| Broadband systems respond very quickly to the applied frequencies , but the vibrations fad more quickly | heavily damped |
| What is heavily damped? | broadband systems respond quickly to applied frequencies but vibrations fade more quickly |
| Example of narrowband system: RF of ___ hz and bandwidth of ___ hz | 500 hz; 50 hz . Bandwidth would be 450 or 550 (50 on each side) |
| What is cut off frequency? | The point when intensity tranmission is reduced by one half |
| Halving of intensity is reduction of ___ | 3dB |
| The frequency at which the intensity is 3dB LESS than the peak of the RF is the cut-off frequency. | 3dB downpoint |
| What is resonance curve or transfer function? | graph used to describe how a resonator vibrates in response to applied frequency |
| What is input to resonator? | sounds used to set the resonator in motion |
| What is output? | The way in which the resonator vibrates to the input sound |
| The ___ ___ relationship is shown on the resonance curve | input/output |
| What does the resonance curve show? | The frequency response of a resonant system |
| The resonance curve is a sound wave. True or False? | FALSE. It is not a sound wave. |
| What are the 5 characteristics of all resonators? | 1. natural or resonant frequency 2. upper cut off frequency 3. lower cut off frequency 4. bandwidth 5. attenuation or rejection rate |
| Natural frequency = ____ frequency | center frequency |
| What is center frequency? | the resonant frequency that results in the greatest amplitude of vibration |
| What does center frequency depend on? | length and shape of resonator |
| What is the symbol for upper cutoff frequency? | Fu |
| What is upper cutoff frequency? | The frequency ABOVE the Fc at which there is 3dB less amplitude of the response than that of the Fc |
| What is the symbol for lower cutoff frequency? | Fl |
| What is lower cutoff frequency? | The frequency BELOW the Fc where the intensity is decreased by 3dB |
| What are Fu and Fl also called? | 3dB downpoints or half-power points |
| The ____ refers to the frequencies between Fl and Fu | bandwidth |
| The ___ at which the resonator's amplitude of response is attenuated is called the ____ ___ | rate; attenuation rate |
| The rate at which the resonator's ___ __ ___ is attenuated is called the attenuation rate | amplitude of response |
| Name 3 characterisitcs of attenuation rate | 1. rejection rate 2. roll off rate 3. slope |
| What does the attenuation rate describe? | how rapidly the resonator decreases in its amplitude of response to different frequencies |
| Attenuation rate is measured in ____ / ____ | dB/octave |
| Attenunation range can range from ___ to ___ | shallow to steep |
| What would be shallow attenuation rate/ | Less than 18dB/octave |
| What would be moderately steep attenuation rate? | 18-48 dB/octave |
| What would be steep attenuation rate? | Greater than 90dB/octave |
| What are 3 types of filters encountered in Aud and Slp? | 1. low pass filter 2. high pass filter 3. band pass filter |
| What does low pass filter do? | Passes acoustic energy below a specific supper cut off frequency |
| For low pass filter, energy ___ the Fu is attenuated | Above |
| For low pass filter, energy ___ the Fu pass through the system | below |
| What is high pass filter? | passes energy above a specific Fl |
| With high pass filter, energy ___ the Fl is rejected at a particulat attenuation rate | below |
| With high pass filter, energy ___ Fl is transmitted through the system | above |
| With band pass filter, energy ___ of this range is rejected at a specific attenuation rate | outside |
| T or F: Band pass filter is a combination of low pass filter and high pass filter | true |
| What type of filter is the vocal tract an example of? | Band pass filter |
Created by:
jjohns53year2