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Miller Levine Biolog
Miller & Levine Biology chap 10 & 11
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| allele | An alternative form of a gene |
| Anaphase | Phase of cell division where the sister chromatids separate and move towards the centrioles. |
| Apoptosis | What is the term for the controlled series of steps that lead to cell death |
| asexual | The production of genetically identical offspring from a single parent is called _____ reproduction |
| Binary Fission | The name of the type of cell division that occurs in the prokaryotic cell cycle |
| Blastocyst | At what stage are embryonic stem cells removed |
| Blastocyst | The hollow ball of cells that forms in early embryonic development |
| Cancer | A disorder in which some of the body's own cells lose the ability to control growth. |
| cell cycle | Series of events in which a cell grows, prepares for division, and divides to form two daughter cells |
| Centrioles | Two small organelles near the nucleus that move to opposite ends of the cell during cell division and to which the spindles are attached. Each centriole is made of nine bundles of microtubules (three per bundle) arranged in a ring |
| Centromere | Where are the duplicated chromosomes connected |
| Centrosome | The organelle located near the nucleus in the cytoplasm that divides and migrates to opposite poles of the cell during mitosis, and is involved in the formation of mitotic spindle, assembly of microtubules, and regulation of cell cycle progression. Als |
| Chromatid | one of the two identical copies of DNA making up a duplicated chromosome, which are joined at their centromeres, for the process of cell division |
| Chromatin | Mass of genetic material composed of DNA and histones that condense to form chromosomes during eukaryotic cell division. |
| Chromosome | in the eukaryotic nucleus, one of the threadlike structures consisting of chromatin and carry genetic information arranged in a linear sequence. In the prokaryotic nucleus it consists of only 1 threadlike structure in a circular form. |
| Codominance | Both alleles of a particular gene are expressed in the heterozygous phenotype. |
| Cyclins | Proteins that regulate the timing of the cell cycle |
| Diploid | Cells that contain matching pairs of homologous chromosomes. |
| G1 | Cell cycle stage where the cell grows |
| G2 | Cell cycle stage where the cell produces organelles and materials needed for division |
| gene | A set of biological instructions for making a protein. |
| Gene Linkage | Tendency for alleles of different genes that are physically close to each other on a chromosome to stay together during Meiosis and therefore to be have their phenotypes occur together. |
| Genetics | The scientific study of heredity |
| Genotype | Genetic makeup of an organism. The genotype refers to the entire set of genes in a cell, an organism, or an individual. |
| Haploid | Cells that contain only a single set of chromosomes |
| Hemizygous | Only one allele is present for a particular gene on the homologous chromosomes. The other allele is missing. |
| heterozygous | The alleles of a particular gene are different on the homologous chromosomes |
| Homologous | Term that refers to the matching pair of chromosomes, one from the female parent and one from the male parent, in a diploid cell. |
| homozygous | identical alleles of the gene are present on both homologous chromosomes |
| Hybrids | The offspring of crosses between parents with different traits |
| Incomplete Dominance | The alleles of a particular gene are neither dominant or recessive on the homologous chromosomes. The heterozygous phenotype will be a mixture of the two homozygous parents. |
| internal regulators | Cell processes that allow the cell cycle to proceed when certain events have occurred within a cell |
| M | Cell cycle stage where the cell nucleus and cytoplasm divide |
| Meiosis | The cellular process of creating haploid gamete cells from diploid cells. |
| Meiosis | The process of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that reduces the number of chromosomes in reproductive cells from diploid to haploid, leading to the production of gametes in animals and spores in plants. |
| Metaphase | Phase of cell division where the duplicated chromosomes of a cell line up across the middle and spindle fibers connect to the centromeres |
| mitosis | The process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells (two words remove the spaces) |
| Mitosis | The entire process of cell division including division of the nucleus and the cytoplasm. |
| Multiple Alleles | The alleles of a particular gene can have three or more different forms on the homologous chromosomes. |
| multipotent | the ability of a stem cell to differentiate into a number of cells, but only those of a closely related family of cells such as a blood stem cell that can develop into any kind of blood cell but cannot develop into a brain cell. |
| Phenotype | The expression of a particular trait, for example, skin color, height, behavior, etc., according to the individual’s genetic makeup and environment. |
| pluripotent | the ability of a stem cell to differentiate into any fetal or adult cell type. However, alone they cannot develop into a fetal or adult organism because they lack the potential to contribute to extraembryonic tissue, such as the placenta. |
| Polygenic Traits | A particular phenotype that is controlled by more than one gene. |
| Principle that states that genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes | Principle that states that genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes |
| Prokaryotic | Type of cell that only has a circular strand of DNA |
| Prophase | Phase of cell division where the cell's genetic material condenses, a spindle starts to form, and the nuclear envelope breaks down. |
| Punnett Square | A tool that helps to show all possible allelic combinations of gametes in a cross of parents with known genotypes in order to predict the probability of their offspring possessing certain sets of alleles. |
| Reproduction | Formation of new individuals |
| S | Cell cycle stage where the cell replicates its DNA |
| Spindle | Part of the cell that pulls apart the duplicated chromosomes |
| Telophase | Phase of cell division where the two sister cells chromosomes begin to unwind and a nuclear envelope reforms |
| totipotent | the ability of a single cell to divide and produce all the differentiated cells in an organism, including extraembryonic tissues.[2] Totipotent cells include spores and zygotes. [3] In some organisms, cells can dedifferentiate and regain totipotency. For |
| Zygote | the cell produced by the union of two gametes, before it undergoes cleavage. |
Created by:
Maigrey1