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Micro Exam 5

Question	Answer
An invasion or colonization of the body by potentially pathogenic microorganisms.	Infection
The cause of a disease?	Etiology
A change from a state of health, in which the body is not properly adjusted or capable of performing its normal functions:	Disease
The manner in which disease develops	Pathogenesis
One organism is benefited at the expense of another?	Parasitism
The general relationship between the normal microbiota and the host	Symbiosis
One of the organisms is benefted and the other unaffected	Commensalism
A symbiosis that benefits both organsims	mutualism
Live bacteria cultures intended to exert a beneficial effect	Probiotics
Chemicals administered to promote probiotic growth	prebiotics
First mild symptoms appear:	Prodromal period
The individual regains strength, and the body returns to its prediseased state	Period of convalescence
The time between infection and the first appearance of signs and symptoms	Period of incubation
The period of time when signs and symptoms subside	Period of decline
During this time overt symptoms of the disease are apparent	Period of illness
Easily spread from one person to another person	contagious
Diseases spread directly or indirectly from one host to another	Communicable
Can only be introduced into the body by contamination, such as a wound	Non-communicable
An inanimate object that may transmit disease	Fomite
A group of symptoms associated with disease	Syndrome
Identification of disease	Diagnosis
Objective changes caused by a disease that physician may observe	Signs
An arthropod, for example, that carries malaria	Vector
A toxic, inflammatory condition arising from the spread of bacteria or bacterial toxins from a focus of infection.	Sepsis
The presence of bacteria in the blood is known as	bacteremia
Sepsis that results from proliferation of bacterial pathogens in the bloodstream	septicemia
The presence of toxins in the blood	toxemia
The presence of viruses in the blood	viremia
People who transmit disease, but do not exhibit any symptoms of illness?	carriers
Adisease the occurs only occasionally?	Sporadic
Disease acquired in a hospital	Nosocomial
Diseases that occur in animals and can be transmitted to humans	Zoonoses
The science that deals with the transmission of diseases in the human population, and where and when they occur, is called;	epidemiology
In ___ transmission of disease, an isect such as a fly carries the pathogen on its body to human food	mechanical
The ___ of a disease is the fraction of the population that contracts it during a particular period of time.	icidence
___ disease is one that develops rapidly but lasts only a short time.	Acute
___ infection is one caused by an oppertunist after the primary infection has weakened the body's defenses	Secondary
___are changes in body function felt by the patient and subjective in nature, such as pain.	Symptoms
An abscess is an example of a ___ type of infection.	local
An infection in which microorganiisms or thier products are spread throughtout in the body in the blood or lymphatic system is known as ___ infection.	systemic
An inapparent, or ___, disease is one that does not cause any noticeable illness.	subclinical
the ___ of a disease is the fraction of the population having the disease at a given time.	prevalence
Disease intermediate between acute and chronic are described as:	subacute
Produced by some members of the genus "Staphylococcus"; forms a fibrin clot around the bacterium	Coagulase
A substance produced by some bacteria that destroys certain phagocytic cells:	leukocidins
Enzymes that causes lysis of red blood cells:	hemolysins
Enzymes that break down fibrin and desolve clots	Kinases
The fibrinolysins produced by the streptococci	Kinases
May cause hallucinations or gangrene.	Ergot
Virulence factor that improves adherence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae	opa
Tumor necrosis factor	Cahectin
Proteins secreted by bacterium	exotoxins
The tetanus toxin is a good exmple of:	Exotoxin
A liopolysaccharide component of the cell wall of many gram-negative bacteria	Endotoxin
Released upon lysis of the cell;	Endotoxin
detected by "Limulus ameobocyte lysate assay"	Endotoxin
The capacity ot form toxins	toxigenicity
Provides immunity to exotoxins	antitoxin
The presence of a toxin in the bloodstream	Toxemia
A way to measure virulence	LD50
the degree of pathogenicity	Virulence
the ability of a pathogen to cauyse disease in a host	pathogenicity
Confers some resistance to phagocytosis	Capsule
Entrance through skin and mucous membrane to gain access to body tissue	parenteral
very large multinucleated cells caused by viral infection	syncytia
An important component of the cell's cytoskeleton that aids in enterance of pathogens into the cell	actin
produced by virus-infected cells; helps prevent infection of uninfected neighboring cells	Interferons
portion of the outer wall of gram-negative bacterium that is the exotoxin	Lipid A
Formerly called endogenous pyrogen	interleukin-1
membrane-disrupting toxin such as a leukocidin	Streptolysin O
Staphlococcal toxic shock syndrome caused by superantigens.	Type I toxin
An example is diphtheria toxin, which inhibits protein synthesis and kills the cell.	Type III toxin
An example is the cell-lysing exotoxin of Staphylococcus	Type II toxin
The term LD50 refers to the dose of pathogen that will kill half of the test ___.	animals
Hyaluronidase is an enzyme secreted by certain bacteria that digests ___ acid.	hyaluronic acid
A dissease associated with ___ -toxins is septic shock	endo-toxins
The "Limulus ameobocyte lysate assay is intended to detect	endotoxins
One effect of viral infection is unregulated cell growth due to loss of ___ inhibition.	contact inhibition
Contributing to invasiveness by "Streptococcus pyogenes" is a cell protein called ___ protein.	M
With few exceptions, microorganisms cannot penetrate unbroken skin; however, some fungi grow on the ___ component of the skin.	karatin
The avenue by which a microorganism gains access to the body is called its	portal of entry
if the pathogen causes a nonfatal disease, the equivalent to the LD50 test is referrred to as ___ (inefective dose)	ID50
the toxin ergot is contained in resistant mycelia called	Sclerotia
A microbe is pathogenic only if its characteristics are changed due to a prophage. this is called ___.	lysogenic conversion
The study of disease	Pathology
The study of the cause of a disease	Etiology
The development of disease	Pathogenesis
Colonization of the body by pathogens	Infection
An abnormal state in which the body is not functioning normally	Disease
___ microbiota may be present for days, weeks, or months	Transient
___ microbiota permanently colonize the host	Normal
___ is the relationship between normal microbiota and the host	Symbiosis
___ ___ is a competition between microbes.	Microbial antagonism
Normal microbiota protect the host by	Occupying niches that pathogens might occupy---Producing acids---Producing bacteriocins
Live microbes applied to or ingested into the body, intended to exert a beneficial effect	Probiotics
___ ___ are used to prove the cause of an infectious disease	Koch's postulate
___ disease: A disease that is spread from one host to another	Comminicable
___ disease: A disease that is easily spread from one host to another	Contagious
Disease that occurs occasionally in a population	Sporadic Disease
Disease constantly present in a population	Endemic disease
Disease acquired by many hosts in a given area in a short time	Epidemic disease
Worldwide epidemic	Pandemic disease
Immunity in most of a population	Herd immunity
Disease with a period of no symptoms when the causative agent is inactive	Latent disease
Systemic infection that began as a local infection	Focal infection
Acute infection that causes the initial illness	Primary infection
Opportunistic infection after a primary (predisposing) infection	Secondary infection
No noticeable signs or symptoms (inapparent infection)	Subclinical disease
What predisposing factors make a person more susceptible to disease;	Short urethra in females Inherited traits, such as the sickle cell gene Climate and weather Fatigue Age Lifestyle Chemotherapy
Requires close association between infected and susceptible host	Direct Contact
Spread by fomites	Indirect Contact
Transmission by an inanimate reservoir (food, water, air)	Vehicle Transmission
___ transmission: Arthropod carries pathogen on feet	Mechanical
___ transmission: Pathogen reproduces in vector	Biological
Affect 5–15% of all hospital patients	Nosocomial infections
Most common Nosocomial infection is;	UTI
The study of where and when diseases occur	Epidemiology
Incidence of a specific notifiable disease	Morbidity
Deaths from notifiable diseases	Mortality
Number of people affected in relation to the total population in a given time period	Morbidity rate
Number of deaths from a disease in relation to the population in a given time	Mortality rate
The same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease	Step 1 of the Koch Postulate
The pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture	Step 2 of the Koch postules
The pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when it is inoculated into a healthy, susceptible lab animal	Step 3 of the Koch Postulates
The pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original pathogen	Step 4 of the Koch Postulate

Created by: 100000187424952

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