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arth 2
exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| drawing | refers both to the act of marketing lines on the surface and to the product of such manual work. Manipulating line, form, value, and texture, with an emphasis on line and value rather than color. |
| metal point | drawing technique especially using silver point (15th and 16th)in which stylus with a point of gold, silver or other metal was applied to a sheet of paper treated with a mixture of powdered bones and gum water. |
| delineation | the descriptive representation of an object by means of outline or contour drawing |
| pastel | a chalk medium with colored pigment and a non-greasy binder added to it |
| wash (and brush) | when ink is diluted with water and applied by brush in broad, flat areas |
| a single impression of an image that has been transferred through pressure onto paper from a matrix (surface where design is created)3- relief, intalgio and planography | |
| edition | the multiple impressions made on paper from the same matrix |
| proof | a trial impression made before a final edition of prints is run |
| Relief Process | A print process where the inked image is higher than the non-printing area, eg. woodcuts, wood engraving, and lino cuts (rubber and potato stamps) |
| Intalgio Process | A print process where the inked image is lower that the non-printing area, such as engraving, dry-point etching, aquatint, mezzo tint. "cut into" |
| Planography | a print process where the inked area and the non-printing areas are at the same height, such as lithography, screen printing (silkscreen) or monotypes |
| Paint | Pigment suspended in liquid binder |
| Painting | application of a pigment suspended in liquid binder |
| Pigment | colored material used in paints (and other media) |
| binder | a substance that makes pigments adhere to a surface (or martix) |
| Gesso | a mixture of glue and either calcium sulfate (a form of gypsum) or calcium carbonates (chalk) thinned with water and applied as ground before painting with tempera or oil paint. Most are bright which in color |
| Encaustic | A technique employing paint that combines pigment with molten beeswax and a little re |
| Opaque | not transmitting light, specifically, not transparent or translucent; impenetrable to sight |
| Translucent | allowing the passage of light, yet diffusing it so |
| Luminous | full of light, emitting or casting light; shining bright |
| Tempera | A water-based paint that uses egg yolk as a binder |
| Buon or True Freso | a painting technique in which pigments suspend in water are applied to a damp lime plaster surface. as wall dries calcium hudroxide combines with carbon dioxide in atmosphere to form calcium carbonates. pigments become part of wall. |
| Freso Secco | A painting technique in which pigments suspended in water are applied to a dry lime plaster surface |
| Oils | Paints that combine pigments with oil |
| watercolors | paints that combine pigments with water |
| gouahe | opaque watercolors or more specifically, water based paint rendered opaque by the addition of white paint or pigments or a white substance, such as chalk or even marble dust. |
| Acrylics | Paints that combine pigment with a binder made up of synthetic acrylic resin |
| photography | term coined by sir john Frederick william herschel in 1839. word derives from greek word for light phos and graphe which means drawing; light drawing |
| camera obscura | camera is latin for room and obscura is latin for dark, so darkened room |
| positive image | a photographic image that reflects the natural value and color of the object being photographed |
| negative image | a total inversion of a positive image in which value and color are reversed. |
| postphotography (digital photography) | developed during the latter part of the 20th century and signaled a revolution in the way that images were produced and processed |
| Index or Indexicality | directly concected to something that actually occurs in front of the camera when creating a photograph. trad photographers are usually idexical, meaning that they reflect external reality to some degree, but not all are indexical. |
| modernity | term applied to the cultural condition in which the seemingly absolute necessity of innovation becomes a primary fact of life, work and thought |
| modernism | term applied to the invention and effective pursuit or artistic strategies that seek not just close but essential connections to the powerful forces of social modernity. ` |
| postmodernism | term used to characterize development in architecture and the arts in the 1960's and after, when there was a clear challenge to the dominance of modernism; term applied o architecture and somewhat later to the decorative and visual arts. |
| Heliograph | earliest photographic process invented by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce in 1822. coating sheet of metal or glass with bitumen, it hardens when exposed to light over a long period of exposure, -> creates image. finished photo is not reproducible |
| Daguerreotype | Technique announced on January 7, 1839 and invented by Louis Jacques Mandé Daguerre some years earlier. Uses light sensative silver coated copper plate in order to create a positive image. the image is permanent and not reproducible |
| Calotype | Technique discovered by William Henry Fox Talbot in 1840. can be produced and reproduced on paper from negative images |
| The Collodion Process | combination of daguerreotype and the calotype |
| The Gelatin Dry Plate | 1871 dr Richard Leach Maddox preparing gelatin emulsion dry plates. |
| Albumen and other positive prints | negative image is essential, but finished thing is positive print usually produced by a separate and distinct operations |
| Relief | A raised form on a largely flat (or planer) background |
| Subtractive Process | sculpture begins with mass of material larger than the finished work and removes material, or subtracts from that mass until the work achieves its finished form- carving |
| Additive Process | Sculpture begins the work by adding material as the work proceeds- modeling, construction |
| Assemblage | a form of constructed sculpture in which ore-existing or found objects, recognizable in shape, are integrated and combined in novel combinations that take on a meaning of their own |
| Contrapposto | italian for set against, movement is represented in a natural way for the first time. |
| Instillation | artwork by assembling arrangement of objects in a specific location |
| Repousse | a metalworking technique in which the design is realized by hammering the image from the reverse side |
| Embossing | a metalworking technique in which the design is realized by hammering the image from the front of the object |
| Vitruvian Triad | Firmitas, Utilitas, Venustas- architecture must be solid, useful and beautiful |
| trabeated or post-and-lintel construction | an architectural system using a horizontal beam over vertical supports |
| Compression | the act of shortening or state of being pushed together (resulting in a reduction in size of volume of an elastic body |
| Tension | the act of stretching or state of being pulled apart, resulting in the elongation of an elastic body |
| Corbel Arch | A false arch constructed by corbeling courses from each side of an opening until they meet at a midpoint where a capstone is laid to complete the work. |
| true arch | a curved structure for spanning an opening, designed to support a vertical load primarily by axial compression |
| round or roman arch | an arch with a semicircular intrados (inner curve) |
| pointed arch | An arch having a pointed crown |
| vault | an arched structure, usually stone, brick or reinforced concrete forming a ceiling or roof over a hall, room or other wholly or partially enclosed space |
| dome | a curved vault that is erected on a circular base and that is semi-curcular, pointed, or bulbous in profile. |
| balloon framing | a product of the industrial revolution with it advances in the technologies of power sawing and factory-produced nails. |
| curtain wall | in modern architecture, a non-loan bearing wall that is hung in front of the buildings structural frame |
| reinforced concrete | concrete in which steel reinforcement is embedded in such a manner that two materials act together |
| Truss | a structural frame based on the geometric rigidity of the triangle |
| Cantilever | a beam or other rigid structural member extending beyond a fulcrum and supported by a downward force behind fulcrum |
| haptic sense | the sense of touch |
| basic-orientation sense | the sense that establishes our awareness of up and down and which establishes our knowledge of the ground plane |
| Graphic design | the process of working with words and pictures to enhance visual communication |
| typography | the art and technique of composing printed material from typefaces or fonts |
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aburrola