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ANTH exam 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| mosaic evolution | the evolution of different body parts and traits at markedly different rates |
| bipedalism | walking on 2 feet |
| habitual bipedalism | primary moving biped ally, not as occasional exception |
| obligatory bipedalism | only able to move around efficiently on two feet, most efficient mode of transportation for humans. |
| reasons for bipedalism | carrying tools, taller, bipedalism frees the hands to hold tools, can see farther than quadrupeds, evolved by 4.4 mya |
| skeletal adaptations | pelvis is shorter, pelvis forms a sort of bowl below abdomen, legs are longer, femurs angle in slightly, big toe is not opposable, foramen magnum moved forward |
| oldowan industry | the earliest recognized stone tool culture, including very simple tools, mostly small flakes, oldest stone tool industry, found first in e. africa about 2.5 MYA, found outside africa at dmanisi and zhoukoudian |
| relative dating method | tells you that something is older or younger than something else, but not by how much, based on stratigraphy (stratigraphic dating), lower "stratum" (layer) is older than a higher one, need 2+ fossils to understand |
| thermoluminescene dating method | chronometric dating, K/Ar Radio Carbon, measures time, how many years in the past, NOT relative to the age of some other artifact, can just find on 1 fossil |
| pre-australopiths | 7-4.4 mya, most poorly understood phase |
| sahelanthropus tchadensis | "man of the sahel from chad," 7-6 may, forested region far from east african fossil beds |
| orrorin tugensis | ~6 MYA, only post cranial fossils, central africa |
| ardipithecines | 5.8-4.4 MYA, "Ardi," dug up in mid 90's, not published until 2009 |
| austalopithecines | "southern apes," two genera; australopithecus and paranthropus, most successful hominids for lasting so long (more so than even humans) |
| australopithecus anamensis | ardi evolved into this! |
| australopithecus afarensis | "Lucy,"' 4-3 MYA, still has a parallel dental arch and sagittal crest, Lucy was fully bipedal, (fossil footprints) |
| "Lucy" characteristics | sexual dimorphism, males = 5 ft tall, females = 3-4 feet tall, small brain size, cranial capacity about 420 cm 3 |
| paranthropus | evolves from A. Afarensis, 2.5 MYA, dies out 1 MYA, "Nut cracker man," huge teeth, |
| a. africanus | 2.5-2 MYA, RAYMOND DART AND THE TAUNG CHILD, 1924, first hominin discovery in africa |
| homo habilis | probably about 2.5 MYA, but mostly known from fossils dating to 1.8 MYA, cranial capacity average 631 cm 3, believed to have made the earliest oldowan tools |
| geological middle pleistocene | 780 KYA to 125 KYA, period when "pre modern" humans evolve from H. Erectus |
| geological late pleistocene | 125 KYA to 10 KYA, time of neandertals and modern humans |
| cultural lower paleolithic | oldowan and archeulian industries, roughly the same time framee as the middle pleistocene, oldest |
| cultural middle paleolithic | tool industries of neandertals and related groups, middle recent |
| cultural upper paleolithic | tool industries of modern humans, most recent |
| homo sapiens | "archiaic" traditional label for transitional fossils between H. erectus and anatomically modern humans, |
| homo heidelbergensis | new label for transitional fossils, now seen as a distinct phase between erectus and sapiens, roughly 850 KYA to 200 KYA in africa and southern europe, larger brains, thinner crania |
| the bodo scull | about 600 KY in Africa, shows cut marks, defleshed after death |
| atapuerca and h. heidelbergensis | spanish scholars, sima del efante and gran dolina, homo antecessor |
| homo erectus | Asia (2) |
| homo ergaster | Africa (1) |
| homo antecessor | Europe (3) |
| nariokotome boy | half h. neanderthal and half h. sapien, skeleton 8 year old almost complete boy stood at 5'3", |
| dmanisi, georgia | oldest non africa was in s.e. asia |
| trinil, java | very 1st erectus found, and 1st taken out of the ground |
| zhoukoudian, china | 1st to use fire |
| atapuerca, spain | whether fossils there are distinct enough for a different name |
| characteristics of homo erectus | cranial capacity 1100 cc, height a little over 5', skeleton is roughly the same, thick brow ridges, aside from skull it looks like h. sapiens |
| dates for h. erectus | oldest was in africa at 1.8 may and also non africa was 1.8 mya in s.e. europe, most recent was 1.6 may from asia |
| neanderthal characteristics | stockier and more robust than modern humans, bigger noses, teeth, brain, avg brain 1500 cm3, "cave man," |
| mousterian industry | the stone tool technology associated with neanderthals, further devole levallois technique, very little use of bone |
| erik trinkaus | compared neandertal injuries to modern humans, most similar to rodeo cowboys |
| symbolic behavior | synonym for "art," neanderthals may not have made any |
| steven mithen | suggests neanderthals were not capable of symbolic thought in same ways as modern humans, two commuters with similar hardware but with different software |
| neanderthal burials | la chapelle, france, tabun, isreal, shanidar, iraq, and many others, purpose dug graves, standard flexed position, occasionally bury goods with it for afterlife, (symbolic thinking) |
| pleistocene epoch | "ice age," 1.8 MYA to 10 KYA |
| h. erectus | 1.8 MYA to 200 KYA, all hominin fossils outside of africa belong to genus homo, left africa first, and only a few significant migration populations left africa |
| lumpers | h. erectus: all early pleistocene hominins that are not h. habilis or paranthropus |
| splitters | h. ergaster: african fossils, h. erectus: asian fossils, h. intercessor: some european fossils |
| dmanisi, georgia | europe skulls |
| grade | a group of (potentially unrelated) species that share similar adaptive traits and strategies |
| h. erectus characteristics | adults weigh over 100lbs, about 5'6", limb proportions are similar to modern humans, high degree of sexual dimorphism, skull shape and anatomy are much more robust than humans, cranium capacity 700 cm 3 to 1250 cm 3 |
| h. erectus evolution | earliest east african fossils about 1.8 MYA, evolved FROM h. habilis, but why isn't known |
| africa to asia migration | earliest african fossils are 1.8 MYA, earliest asian fossils are 1.6 MYA, 200,000 years to go from turkana in e. africa to java in indonesia, about 8500 miles, less than a football field per year |
| "java man' | first asian fossils discovered are also the oldest, 1.6 MYA, discovered in 1891, near trinil, java by eugene dubios |
| zhoukoudian | cave outside beijing china, discovered in the 1920's, "peking man," about 780 KYA, more common than indonesian fossils, associated with stone tools |
| zhoukoudian interpretations | old ideas: excellent hunters, associated with stone tools, and controlled fire (hearths filled with ash), new ideas: most animal bones either scavenged, or deposited by hyenas, so called "hearths" are natural depressions with no ash |
| atapuerca, spain | earliest erectus like fossils in western europe, 1.2 MYA, suggested name h. intercessor, bcuz they do not look as much like other h. erectus as one would like |
| acheulian industry | stone tool industry found first in africa about 1.4 MYA, presumably created by h. erectus, |
| biface | a stone tool with flakes removed fom both sides of the core, commonly called a 'handaxe,' because it was held in the hand and was not hafted to handle, this is the centerpiece! |
| acheulian tools | usually symmetrical, curated: made now, then kept for future use (oldowan told were not curated, they were made then discarded,) more kinds of tools than oldowan industry |
| h. sapiens time and place of earliest | earliest fossils from east africa around ca 195 KYA, evolved out of african homo heidelbergensis |
| regional continuity model | h. erectus populations evolved into h. sapiens everywhere! primarily associated with milford wolpoff, significant gene flow between regions, occasional interbreeding at the borders |
| complete replacement model | h. sapiens evolved in africa, then migrated outward COMPLETELY replacing earlier populations, proposed in 1988 by christopher stringer and peter andrews, "out of africa" model |
| "out of africa" | uses DNA research to argue that all modern humans descend from one african woman who lived about 200 KYA ago, rate of mitochondrial DNA mutation is known, all known variation in mt. DNA can accumulate in 200,000 years |
| mitochondrial eve | a common ancestor of all modern humans who donated the mt. DNA line that eventually mutated into modern mt. DNA, not the only woman alive, not all humans last common ancestor |
| y chromosomal adam | a male common ancestor of all living human males, donated y chromosome that eventually diverged to all modern y chromosomes, lived in africa about 100 KYA, a male analog to mitchondial eve |
| abrigo do lagar velho child | found in 1998, dates to 24.5 KYA, hybrid of homo sapiens and neandertals, if so then probably no biological speciation event |
| partial replacement model | h. sapiens evolved in africa about 200 KYA then migrated out. they MOSTLY replaced earlier populations but with some LIMITED interbreeding. compromise between regional continuity and complete replacement, ended up finally replacing at the very end |
| h. sapiens characteristics | cranal capacity 1300-1400 cm3, reduced brow ridges, less projecting faces |
| early african h. sapiensomo kibish | ethiopic a 195 KYA, early african h. sapiens, klasies river mouth, south afrrica, 100 KYA |
| herto, ethiopia | 160-154 KYA, one of the largest collections of early h. sapiens, called h. sapiens idatu (ancestor in ethopian language) |
| cro-magnon | term for earliest population of h. sapiens in EUROPE named after first site in which the fossils were found |
| early h. sapiens in asia | reaches asia by about 40 KYA, important sites were zhoukoudian china, tianyuan china, and ordos mongolia, and austrialia at lake mungo ca 55 KYA |
| h. sapiens in europe | slow spread due to competition with neandertals, established in europe by 35 KYA |
| h. floresiensis | very small bodied hominin species, fossils of which were first discovered in indonesia |
| upper paleolithic culture | cultural period (especially in europe) beginning about 40 KYA associated with h. sapiens, 40,000-10,000 YA (rough dates) |
| aurignacian technology | introduces bone, ivory and antler as common tool materials, THINGS OTHER THAN STONE |
| chatelperronian | neandertal technology industry |
| solutrean | pressure flaking: removing a flake with steady pressure from a pointed implement, invented by solutrean flint knappers |
| magdalenean | later culture in the upper paleolithic in western europe |
| atlatl | a hooked handle used to throw a spear with much more power and precision than hand throwing, invented in the magdalenian period |
| direct percussion | flint knapping by directly striking the stone core with a hard object, usually a hammerstone |
| indirect percussion | removing flakes by hitting a punch rather than hitting the core directly, invented in the magadelin period |
Created by:
lscott89