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Chem. exam 3
Chemistry CH. 6&7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The particles of a ? have fixed positions and exhibit motions of vibration. | Solid |
| The particles of a ? are free to move within the confines of itself. | Liquids |
| The particles are far apart and move randomly and rapidly | Gas |
| The temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid. | Melting Point |
| The process of a liquid becoming a gas. | Vaporization |
| The temperature at which the particles of a liquid escape and become a gas. | Boiling Point |
| The process by which a gas becomes a liquid. | Condensation |
| The process by which a liquid becomes a solid. | Freezing |
| When a solid changes directly from the solid to the gaseous state. | Sublimation |
| the strongest of forces that hold matter in the condensed states | Ionic bonds |
| Occur between any two polar molecules | Dipolar forces |
| When a hydrogen atom is covalently bonded to a highly electronegative atom like nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine (N,O,F), it can exhibit an additional polar attraction. This attraction is called ? | Hydrogen bonds |
| Nonpolar molecules exhibit a dynamic induced dipole. | Dispersion forces |
| The strength of this force increases with molecular weight and is known as dispersion forces or | London dispersion forces |
| An intimate, homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. | Solution |
| A substance that is dispersed in a solution. | Solute |
| A substance doing the dissolving, usually present in greatest quantity. | Solvent |
| Solutions form most readily when both the solute and solvent have similar intermolecular forces. | "Like dissolves like" |
| dissolve in water through ion-dipole interactions. | Ionic substances |
| At constant temperature, the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure. | Boyle's law |
| At constant pressure, the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature. | Charles' Law |
| At fixed temperature and pressure, the volume of a gas is directly proportional to the amount of gas. | Avogadro's law |
| Taste sour. Turn litmus red. React with active metals to release hydrogen gas. React with bases to form water and a salt. | Acid |
| Taste bitter. Turn litmus blue. Feel slippery. React with acids to form water and a salt. | Bases |
| : A molecular substance that ionizes in aqueous solution to form hydrogen ions (H+). | Acid |
| A substance that produces hydroxide ions (OH-) in aqueous solution. | Base |
| When an acid reacts with a base, the properties of each are neutralized and the products are water and a salt. | Neutralization |
| H+ ions do not exist in water solution. Protons react with water to form hydronium ions (H3O+). H+ + H2O → H3O+ The Arrhenius theory does not explain the basicity of ammonia and similar compounds. It only applies to reactions in aqueous solution. | Limitations of the Arrhenius theory |
| means without water | Anhydride |
| are basic anhydrides | Metal oxides |
| ionize completely in water solution. | Strong acids & bases |
| only partially ionize in water solution. | Weak acids & bases |
| is a means of expressing the acidity or basicity of a solution. | pH |
| means “power” of hydrogen. | pH |
| are compounds or ions that differ by one proton (H+). | Conjugate acid-base pairs |
| contain a weak acid and its conjugate base. Such solutions are capable of maintaining a nearly constant pH when small amounts of acid or base are added. | Buffer solutions |
| is when the stomach secretes too much acid. Antacids are often taken to neutralize excess acid and reduce the symptoms | Hyperacidity |
| Excessive use of antacids can lead to an increase in the pH of blood, a condition known as | Alkalosis |
| is the leading chemical substance produced in the U.S. It is used to manufacture fertilizers and industrial chemicals. It is the acid of automotive batteries. Production is 40 billion kg/year. | Sulfuric acid |
| has a number of uses. It is used as a rust remover, and it removes lime from mortar and household plumbing fixtures. It can be purchased from hardware stores as muriatic acid. Annual U.S. production is 4 billion kg. | Hydrochloric acid |
| is produced by heating limestone (CaCO3). | Lime (CaO) |
| also known as lye, can be purchased for home use as oven cleaner or drain cleaners. It is used commercially to make soap. Annual U.S. production is 9 billion kg. | Sodium hydroxide |
| is produced for use as fertilizer and in household cleaning products. Production is about 11 billion kg/year. | Ammonia |
Created by:
Taylor Boyleston