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GACE

Gace Early Childhood 001 & 002

Question	Answer
Pre-reading stage	Students in Pre-K and beginning kindergarten are in this stage. Students understand that reading is a process and a skill that must be learned.
Initial Reading or Decoding Stage	Students in grades K through 2 are in this stage. Students learn to recognize letters and associate letters with sounds.
Decoding	Sounding out
Encoding	Putting the words together.
Fluency Stage	Students in grades 2 through 3 are in this stage. Students gain confidence and start following words with their eyes, rather than their fingers. Students are beginning to read for content and knowledge.
Reading for Learning Stage	Students in grades 4 through 8 are in this stage. Students use prior knowledge and read for content.
Phoneme	Smallest unit of sound
Phonological Awareness	the ability to hear the syllables within a word and segment the individual phonemes within each syllable.
Phonemic Awareness	a sub-area of phonological awareness, and is the consciousness of individual sounds in words.
Miscue Analysis	the process of analyzing he cuing system that the student is using: semantic, syntactic, graphophonic.
Semantic Cue	Students gain meaning using their past experience by bringing their background knowledge to a story.
Syntactic Cue	Students gain meaning using knowledge of how language works.
Graphophonics Cue	Students' ability to sound out words and recognize them as words not just letters.
Rhyming	develops phonological awareness.
Blending	students create words by combining word parts.
Pre-Alphabetic Stage	The 1st stage of reading. Children use association and symbols to identify words.
Partial Alphabetic Stage	aka the "letter name stage"- students use letter-sound relationships to read words.
Full Alphabetic Stage	Students process all the letters in words and begin reading.
Consolidated Alphabetic Stage	aka the within-word-patter stage, the students' process longer more complex words.
Graphophonemic Stage	Students understand that written words are composed of patterns of letters that re[resent the sounds of spoken words.
Morphemic Reading	The process of identifying words by analyzing meaningful parts of the word such as prefixes and suffixes.
Phonics	defined as the study of speech sounds related to reading.
Predicting	context clues
Sound Out	letter by letter
Chucked	grouping sounds together
by analogy	relating letter groups box=fox
Recognize immediately	sight words
Orthography	a prescribed system to create words with letters that have meaning or spelling patterns
Morphology/structural analysis	dividing words into syllables or meaningful parts. Introduces at the end of 1st grade and reinforced onwards.
Structural Analysis	a word analysis strategy where a reader determines the meaning of an unfamiliar word by identifying prefixes, suffixes and roots.
Prefix	an affix which is placed before the stem.
Suffix	an affix which is placed after the stem
Root/Stem	the part of the word that is common or the part that does not change.
Onset	a consonant or cluster of that comes at the beginning of a word;before any vowels
Rime	the pattern of vowels and the consonants they are grouped with.
Syllabication	intro in 2nd half of 1st grade. Roughly described as the division of words into syllables. Many students struggle with this. Taught by generalizations and patterns.
Generalization	Taught a series of rules.
Decoding	the process a student goes through to break down and read words. "Sounding out" "Analogous Pairs" "Chunking" "Context Clues"
Encoding	blending sounds and letters together to make new words
Synonym	a different word with a very similar meaning as the original e.g. happy & joyful
Antonym	word with an opposite meaning
homophone	word that is pronounced the same as another but has a different meaning to, too, two
Idiom	an expression, word, or phrase that has figurative or cultural meaning, that does not match the dictionary definition e.g. give up
Classification	aids in comprehension and classifying words as similar or different.
Graphic Organizers	tools used to visually organize information
Semantic Map	uses blocks and lines to organize information
Pictorial Map	graphic organizer that uses pictures and words to organize info.
Venn Diagram	show relationship between two things, highlighting the similarities and differences
Dramatizing	acting out a scene or skit using vocabulary. This helps a student associate words with their meaning.
Context Clues	promotes students to find the meaning of the word by using the text
Pre-dictionaries	have pictures, contain fewer words
Fluency	the rate at which one reads without oral errors
Accuracy	the ability to pronounce or sound out a word and also to know the meaning
Choral reading	when students read aloud as a group, it helps them practice words
Model reading	done by the teacher. Should be smooth and expressive, students should follow along.
Comprehension	being able to interpret the meaning of something written or spoken.
Context	information found by reading the text
Graphic Cues	phases or wording within reading that invoke a mental image.
Literal comprehension	the most basic type of comprehension. What did the cat sit on?
Inferential comprehension	2nd level of comp. Student can draw conclusions and make predictions.
Evaluative Comprehension	Most difficult. Reader must understand fact and opinion. "Why did you enjoy the story?"
Pre-reading (fluency and comp)	Students can read aloud about "Anne Frank before reading about WWII).
Predicting (fluency and comp)	Have students read the title and ask what they think the story is about.
Reread (fluency and comp)	Discuss and read the story again
Retelling (fluency and comp)	After reading ask them to tell the story to their neighbors
Relating the Story to Real Life (fluency and comp)	Helps students make a personal connection
Summarizing (fluency and comp)	helps students understand the structure of the text. Excellent evaluation tool.
Types of comprehension	literal, inferential, evaluative
This improves literal comprehension	follow along with finger
This improves inferential comprehension	ask the students questions
This improves evaluative comprehension	have the students write questions to the author
Influences reading comprehension	prior knowledge, context, vocabulary knowledge graphic cues.
plot	summary of events; what happened; a problem and how it is solved
4 classic plots	conflict between: 1. character v. nature 2. character v. society 3. character v. character 4. character v. self
characters	people or personified animals who are involved in the story
setting	location of an event or story and time of day
point of view	First person, omniscient, limited omniscient, objective viewpoint
Theme	the underlying meaning of a story, it usually embodies general truths about human nature
LITERARY DEVICES: Comparison	Authors compare one thing to another (use words such as like or as)
LITERARY DEVICES: Hyperbole	others overstate or stretch the truth
LITERARY DEVICES: Imagery	authors use descriptive or sensory words and phrases to create imagery or a picture in the reader's mind.
LITERARY DEVICES: Personification	gives human characteristics to animals or objects
LITERARY DEVICES: Symbolism	uses a person, place, or thing to represent something else (dove=peace)
LITERARY DEVICES: Tone	overall feeling or effect in the story (fairy tales make you feel good)
Realistic fiction	a work of literature that is written with a realistic setting and with characters that face real world problems
Fantasy	a work of literature with circumstances that could not occur in the natural scientific world
Folklore or Folktales	stories passed down by word of mouth, usually among people from the same region, culture, or country through many generations
Poetry	an individual piece of writing with rhythms, rhymes, and flow.
Nonfiction	works written to inform a reader about a subject
Themes	the messages within the story. The them encompasses general truths about human nature.
Summary Statement	main idea of a passage
Literary elements of a story	plot, characters, setting, point of view, theme
Prewriting	Students choose a topic, consider purpose, form an audience. Organize and brainstorm.
Drafting	Students write and rewrite their composition.
Revising	The stage is all about refining ideas to ensure that the paper has meaning and purpose.
Editing	In this stage the student's writing is put into final form for proofreading and correcting.
Publishing	Student bring their compositions to life and share them with classmates and/or parents through books or reading from the author's chair.
At what age do children start to make syllable connections?	8+
Steps of the writing process	prewriting, drafting, revising, editing, publishing
noun	person, place, thing
pronoun	word used in place of a noun e.g. I, you, it, me, who, we, they, us
Adjective	a word that describes a noun or pronoun
Verb	A word that shows action, or a state of being
Adverb	a word used to modify a verb, an adjective or another verb.
Preposition	a word or group of words used to show position or direction, or how two words or ideas are related to each other. e.g.: above, at before, down, in, in front of, inside of, like, near
Conjunction	a word that connects words e.g. and, but, or, either, because, when
Interjection	a word or phrase used to express strong emotion set off by commas or an exclamation point e.g. Wow!, cool, Oh!
Run-on sentences	lack necessary punctuation, such as commas and semicolons
Misplaced modifiers	words or phrases that may cause confusion because they are not close enough in meaning to the word they are modifying
Sentence fragments	incomplete sentences
Independent clause	a part of a sentence that can stand alone because it makes sense by itself. Each independent clause contains a subject and a verb.
Dependent clause	a group of words that has a subject and a verb. It cannot stand alone and does not make sense by itself in a sentence. It has to be attached to an independent clause in order to make sense .
Types of Sentence Endings	Declarative, interrogative, imperative, exclamation
Declarative	makes a statement
Interrogative	asks a question
Imperative	makes a command
Exclamation	shows strong emotion or surprise
Types of Sentences	Simple, compound, complex, compound-complex
Simple	a sentence that is made of single independent clause. e.g. The cat ran.
Compound	is made of two independent clauses. e.g. The cat ran, but the cat did not leave the room.
Complex	is made of one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses. e.g When the cat ran, he was not afraid.
Strategies for promoting listening among students	note taking, outlines, jigsaw
Verbal cues	using your voice to show praise is an example of this
Examples of visual media	photos, books, movies
Benjamin Franklin	Inventor, author, and statesman; flew a kite in a thunderstorm to prove the conduction of electricity.
Thomas Jefferson	Main author of the Declaration of Independence.
Lewis & Clark with Sacajawea	Explored from St. Louis to Pacific Coast, the lands of the Louisiana Purchase; took two years and four months.
Harriet Tubman	Underground Railroad; helped free over 300 slaves.
Theodore Roosevelt	The first president to consider National Parks and the Environment.
George Washington Carver	African scientist, botanist, and inventor
Paul Revere	well known for his involvement in independence; rode through the streets shouting, 'The British are coming' in his well-known Midnight Ride.
Fredrick Douglas	African American involved in civil rights. He believed in equality, and he was a slave who escaped and learned to read.
Susan B. Anthony	a civil rights leader and prominent American who played a major role in the 19th Century Women's Right Movement
Mary McLeod Bethune	African American woman, educator, and civil rights leader; she was best known for starting a school for black students.
Franklin D. Roosevelt	well known for his involvement in the New Deal and WWII. The New Deal was a package of economic programs to promote relief, reform, and recovery.
Eleanor Roosevelt	First Lady to Franklin D. Roosevelt; worked for human rights, specifically among working women, and supported New Deal.
Thurgood Marshall	First African American on the United States Supreme Court; was present for the Brown vs. Board of Education Case.
Lyndon B. Johnson	Well known for his idea of "The Great Society" aka social reform, elimination of poverty and voting rights. LBJ was the 36th president; he completed Kennedy's term and was then elected president again.
Cesar Chavez	a Mexican American farm worker and civil rights activist.
French & Indian War	aka War of Conquest, aka Seven Years War- Parties involved also included French, English, and Americans. One of the bloodiest wars. It took place because everyone wanted their "piece" of the New World. Indians on both sides Ended with the Treaty of Paris.
British Imperial Policy	Led to the 1765 Stamp Act, slogan "No taxation without representation" came from this
Activities of the Sons of Liberty	the American patriots were responsible for the Boston Tea Party which directly defied the British. They dumped tea into the Boston harbor.
Declaration of Independence	Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Robert R. Livingston, Roger Sherman. 5 sections: charges against the King and reasons why America should be separate from Great Britain.
King George III	King of Great Britain during American Revolution
George Washington	1st president of USA. Commander of the Continental Army in the American Revolution.
Benjamin Franklin	One of the founding fathers who aided in the Declaration of Independence.
Thomas Jefferson	Drafted the Declaration of Independence
Benedict Arnold	General during the American Revolution who switched from American to the British
Patrick Henry	Famous for saying, "Give me liberty or give me death."
John Adams	second president of the U.S. and the first Vice President.
Lexington and Concord	first military battle of American Rev.
Saratoga	two battles of American Rev took place here
Yorktown	battle that led to Treaty of Paris
What government is the US modeled after?	Greece
Three Branches of Government	Executive, Legislative, Judicial
Executive	President
Legislative	Congress
Judicial	Supreme Court
The Bill of Rights	Introduced in 1791 by James Madison because he believed we all have certain rights. These are the first ten amendments to the Constitution.
Causes of War of 1812	Great Britain's interference with America's trading with France and other nations. Dispute over land in northern territories. Great Britain's search for deserters on American merchant ships.
Effects of War of 1812	Led to the end of the Federalist Party. Caused growth of American industries. Confirmed the status of the Unites States as a free and independent nation. The Capital and White House were burned.
Louisiana Purchase	extended westward migration across the Appalachians; expanded American territory; this more than doubled the size of America.
Lewis and Clark	were given the job to explore the new purchase from St. Louis to the Pacific Coast. It took them two years and four months.
Acquisition of Texas (Alamo & Independence)	Texas was won from Mexico. Texas hoped to be independent but didn't get it; then joined the Union.
Oregon (Oregon Trail)	path people took from East Coast took to move to the Wild West. It started in Independence Missouri, and ended in Portland, Oregon.
California (Gold Rush)	gold fever had a massive impact on westward expansion, changing the population of California from 400 to 44,000 within 2 years.
Steamboats	went up and down the Mississippi and made moving goods more economical, and thus trade developed.
Steam Locomotive	transformed the Northeast into the center of American Commerce
Telegraph	improved shipping and commerce in the US
Causes of the Civil War 1861-1865	Uncle Tom's Cabin John Brown's raids on Harper's Ferry Slavery
Major Battles of the Civil War	Fort Sumter Gettysburg The Atlanta Campaign Sherman's March to the Sea Appomattox Court House
Effect of the Civil War	Reconstruction in the South (scalawags and carpetbaggers) Southern Poverty Jim Crow laws Slaves were freed
Resulting Constitutional Amendments from the Civil War	13th Amendment abolished slavery in the US 14th Amendment included slaves as US citizens 15th Amendment stated that citizens cannot be denied the right to vote based on race or the color of their skin.
Freemen's Bureau	a government agency that aided the refugees of the Civil War- mostly slaves- with education, health care, and employment.
Abraham Lincoln	16th president, served during the Civil War. It was he who preserved the Union and ended slavery.
Ulysses S. Grant	Chief General during the Civil War for the Union;late became President.
Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson	Confederate general during the Civil War, present in many of the major battles and Bull Run.
Robert E. Lee	General for the Confederates, he later surrendered at Appomattox.
Jefferson Davis	served as president of the Confederates. After the war, he was charged with treason.
George Washington Carver	made strides in agricultural science; instrumental in the reconstruction of the south; introduced peanuts to the South.
Alexander Graham Bell	revolutionized phone communication
Thomas Edison	invented many things but is most famous for the modern light bulb and the phonograph.
William McKinley	25th president; last veteran of the American Civil War.
Theodore Roosevelt	26th president, aka Teddy, his image is on Mount Rushmore.
Reasons people immigrated to US	Looking for better life, in influx was made easier because of newer boats and ships.
Westward Expansion	Search for Silver and Gold
Homestead Act	brought people west. It offered 160 acres of land for free to anyone who would live and cultivate it for 5 years.
Impact of Native Americans	They were push further and further away and displaced.
Causes of World War I (1914-1918)
More Causes of WWI

Created by: 23206211

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