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Cogs 17 midterm 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Theory that suggests emotion is an after-the-fact label we give to arousal and associated behavior | James-Lange Theory |
| Theory: once threat perceived (via Thalamus), emotion is simultaneous ANS activity & subjective experience | Cannon-Bard Theory |
| Update of above that includes Limbic System in circuit | Papez Circuit |
| Theory: Emotion is interaction between cognitive appraisal and automatic/limbic activity | Schacter-Singer Theory |
| Key Limbic structure implicated in interpreting valence situations and coordinating an emotional response | Amygdala |
| Area of amygdala, when stimulated, promotes attack | Corticomedial Area |
| Area of amygdala responsible for coordinating Startle Reflex | Lateral Nuclei |
| Areas of amygdala involved in conditioned fear and subsequent enhancement of startle reflex | central & Basolateral Nuclei |
| Degenerative calcium buildup in amygdala that results in deficits ini interpreting facial expressions | Urbach-Wieth Disease |
| Area of cortex, w/ reciprocal connections to amygdala, involved in expressing, inhibiting & reading emotion | Frontal Cortex |
| Famous patient with damage to frontal cortex from accident during building railway | Phineas Gage |
| Capacity to attribute mental states to others, prob mediated by late developing prefrontal amygdala links | Autism |
| Prefrontal assessment of negative situation one is powerless to affect, can lead to Parasym-rebound, ulcers | Helplessness |
| Ventral medial area of above cortical region involved in facial expression and (taste) reaction to disgust | Anterior Insular Cortex |
| Result of damage in anterior insular cortex involving deficit in ability to spontaneously smile | Emotional Facial Paraesis |
| Result of damage to mortor cortex for facial region that involves in deficit in voluntarily showin teeth | Volitional Facial Paraesis |
| Common task used in lab to assess risk aversion | Gambling Task |
| NT whose low turnover level (per metabolite 5-HIAA levels) associated w/ impulsiveness, aggression and depression | Serotonin (5HT) |
| Excitatory NT associated w/ enhanced startle reflex | CCK |
| Inhibitory NT, admits Cl- ions into cells, whose agonists (Valium, Xanax) are used to combat anxiety | GABA |
| Rule of Conditioning: event associated w/ + (vs -) reinforcement will (vs. not) be repeated | Law of Effect |
| Developed associated between stimuli, esp involving an unconditioned response | Classical conditioning |
| Developed association between stimulus and response | Operant conditioning |
| Co-activated neural circuits presumably involved in learning and retrieval of associations | Hebbian Cell Assemblies |
| Physical changes in cells invovled in hebbian cell assemblies, associated w/ learning | Long Term Potentiation (LTP) |
| Area of brain in which long term potentiation process has been well studied/described | hippocampus |
| Type NT involved in long term potentiation | Glutamate |
| Type of receptor site for Glutamate that is ionotropic and easy to stimulate | AMPA receptor sites |
| type of receptor site for Glutamate that is difficult to stimmulate & often requires AMPA receptor sites to first hypo-polarize cell | NMDA receptor sites |
| type of ion that blocks ion gate of above receptor site | Mg++ |
| Type of receptor site that above can change into after repeated co activity in a circuit | AMPA receptor sites |
| one kind of change to dendrite structure that results in an increase in surface area and thus of available sites | dendritic branching |
| act by post-synaptic cell membrane that results in division of "active zone" of pre-synaptic termminal | Perforation |
| DNA transcribed to RNS translated to protein production that increases likelihood of neural activity | Genetic |
| Rare (except in hippocampus) generation of new neurons associated w/ learning | Neurogenesis |
| Recall of specific locations, spatial judgements of familiarity | spatial |
| area of brain in which spatial memory process has been well studied/described | hippocampus |
| motor skill; how to do it (peck a target, ride a bike) | Procedural |
| areas of brain in which procedural memory process has been well studied/described | cerebellum & striatum |
| episodic (personal history) & semantic/associative (facts) memory | declarative |
| areas of brain in which declarative memory process has been well studied/described | Hippocampus & mediodorsal thalamus |
| types of cells found in hippocampus whose activity becomes associated w/ particular parts of familiar environment | Place cells |
| the type of map formed by a subject who gets to know the spatial layout of a particular environment | cognitive map |
| subsection of above hindbrain area associated with conditioning of "eye blink" response | Lateral interpositus (LIP) |
| area of tegmentum (in midbrain) that also plays a role in "eye blink" response | red nucleus |
| task requiring applciation of rule "pick alternative that is the same as the sample stimulus | match-to-sample task |
| area lesioned in rats caused impairment on match-to-sample task | hippocampus |
| area of cortex associated w/ "working memory" esp when response delays are involved | prefrontal cortex |
| syndrome, from B1 deficiency via chronic alcoholism that esp affects cells of prefrontal cortex | Korkasoff's syndrome |
| type of memory deficit most commonly associated with Korkasoff's syndrome | Anterograde Amnesia |
| area that projects to prefrontal cortex implicated in declarative memory | Mediodorsal thalamus |
| Symptom of anterograde amnesia involving "tell-telling" in which imagination not distinguished from knowledge | Confabulation |
| famous patient with damage to hippocampus & other temporal areas | H.M. |
| deficit in ability to generate new memories | Consolidation |
| type of learning/memories above patient unable to form | declarative (fact) |
| h.m. did not show deficits in this type of learning/memory | working memory |
| limbic structure that plays a role in learning such as "conditioned fear" and in arousal to "taboo" | prosopagnosia |
| area of brain associated w/ prosopagnosia where presumably relevant data are "stored" | fusiform gyrus |
| area of brain where well learned voices, words are "stored" | dorsal temporal cortex |
| dominance of one cerebral hemisphere over the other for particular functions | lateralization |
| test in which one hemisphere is anesthetized to test for capacity/speed of processing the other | Wada test |
| Area in left temporal cortex larger in most humans (&some other primates) associated w/ language processing | Planum temporale |
| cognitive principle that like-disrupts-like (e.g left hemisphere activated by language >> slowr right hand response) | crossover |
| main bundle of axons connecting two hemispheres | corpus callosum |
| patient in whom above connections have been severed (as in treatment for epilepsy) | split brain patients |
| additional inter-hemisphere connection, between anterior cortex, esp of temporal lobes | anterior commisure |
| hemisphere dominant for more language processing | left |
| area associated w/ language production | broca's area |
| location of broca's area | left frontal lobe |
| type of aphasia assocaited w/ damage to broca's area | nonfluent, productive, broca's aphasia |
| one type of difficulty in nonfluent/productive/broca's aphasia in which speech is slow and halting | articulation difficulties |
| another deficit involving word order and the use of syntax markers in nonfluent/productive/broca's aphasia | agrammatism |
| the fixed class of terms that organize syntactical relations such as prepositions, articles, conjunctions, etc | closed class |
| deficit involving difficulty in "finding" words, esp of the closed class | anomia |
| deficit in one aspect of the "language of the death" associated w/ anomia | sign language production |
| area associated w/ language comprehension | wernicke's area |
| location of wernicke's area | left temporal lobe |
| type of aphasia associated w/ damage to wernicke's area | fluent, receptive, wernicke's aphasia |
| unlabored speech, w/ normal prosody, sounds like it should make sense but it doesn't | fluency |
| deficit involving difficulty in "finding" words, esp of the class below | anomia |
| open (changeable) class of terms that includes nouns and verbs | content terms |
| deficit in which patient cannot understand spoken words at all (even if can read or write) | pure word deafness |
| deficit involving using irrelevant or made up words | nonsensical speech |
| aspect of language of the deaf NOT affected by damage to wernike's area | incomprehension |
| cortical area in which damage would result in affecting above language of the deaf | parietal lobe |
| fibers that connect the broca's and wernicke's areas involved in production and comprehension of speech | arcuate fasiculus |
| type of aphasia associated w/ damage to arcuate fasiculus (fibers that connect brocas and wernickes areas) | conduction aphasia |
| deficit in which similar sounding words, but w/ different meanings are substituted during attempt to repeat | phnemic paraphasia |
| aspect of working memory involving rehearsal that is probably important normal function of these connections | phonological loop |
| ability to get the "gist," to see the "larger picture," to organize narrative, etc. | right hemisphere- global pattern recognition |
| abilities involved in learning, remembering and navigating environments | right hemisphere- spatial abilities |
| abilities involved in facial and nonverbal expression and interpretation | right hemisphere- socio-emotional abilities |
| domain in which spatial and socio-emotional abilities come into place in the aesthetic organization of sound | right hemisphere- music (esp melodic) perception and appreciation |
Created by:
hungaryhippo