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psychhhhhhhhhhhh
test 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Sally developed a fear of balconies after almost falling from a balcony on a couple of occasions. What was the conditioned response? | fear of the balcony |
| when the US is removed and the CS is present alone for a period of time, what will occur? | extinction |
| Sally developed a fear of balconies from almost falling. Although she has had no dangerous experiences on bridges or cliffs, she now fears these stimuli as well. Which of th following is likely to have produced a fear of these other stimuli? | generalization |
| A researcher reinforces closer and closer approximation to a target behavior. What is the name of the procedure she is using? | shaping |
| John says, "please pass the salt." Ralph passes the salt. "Thank you," says John. John's request precedes a behavior (salt passing) that is reinforced ("thank you"). Thus, the request "please pass the salt" is a ______ for passing the salt. | discriminative stimulus |
| A rat is reinforced for the first lever-pressing response that occurs after every 60 seconds. Which schedule is the rat on? | FI |
| When the rat presses a lever, the mild electric shock on the cage floor is turned off. What procedure is being used? | negative reinforcement |
| The contingencies are as follows: if the response occurs, a stimulus is presented; if the response does not occur, the stimulus is not presented. Under this procedure the strength of the response decreases. What procedure is being used? | positive punishment |
| in terms of the traditional view of conditioning, research on conditioned taste aversion was surprising because... | it happened after only one trial of learning |
| classical conditioning is a type of learning which... | a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to elicit a response that was originally elicited by another stimulus. |
| what is the law of effect? | if a response in the presence of a stimulus leads to a satisfying outcome, the relationship between the stimulus and the response is strengthened. |
| what is operand conditioning? | learning in which the probability of a response is changed by a change in its consequences. |
| what is an operant? | any behavior emitted by an organism and characterized in terms of the observable effects it has on the environment. |
| what is shaping? | reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response |
| what are related processes to operant conditioning? | 1. acquisition 2. extinction 3. stimulus generalization 4. stimuli discrimination 5. discriminative stimuli |
| what is acquisition? | the process of learning the new behavior |
| what is extinction? | when the behavior is 'unlearned' because no reinforcement is given |
| what is stimulus generalization? | the organism responds to stimuli that are similar to the original reinforcing stimulus. |
| what is stimuli discrimination? | the organism only responds to the original reinforcing stimulus |
| what is discriminative stimuli? | cues in the environment that tell us what will and will not be reinforced |
| what is reinforcement? | -increases the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated -strengthens the response -primary vs secondary |
| what is positive reinforcement? | adding something to the situation to increase the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated |
| what is negative reinforcement? | taking away something from the situation to decrease the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated. |
| what is punishment? | -decreases the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated -weakens the response |
| what is positive punishment? | adding something to the situation to decrease the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated |
| what is negative punishment? | taking away something from the situation to decrease the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated. |
| what is continuous reinforcement schedule? | every single instance of the target behavior is reinforced |
| what is partial reinforcement schedule? | only some of the instances of the target behavior are reinforced |
| what is a fixed interval? | reinforcement is provided for the first response that occurs after a fixed amount of time has passed since the last reward. |
| what is a variable interval? | reinforcement is provided for the first response that occurs after a random amount of time has passed since the last reward. |
| what is a fixed ratio? | reinforcement is provided after a fixed number of responses |
| what is a variable ratio? | reinforcement is provided after a random number of responses are made |
| what is an interval? | time |
| what is a ratio? | number of responses |
| what is fixed? | fixed amounts |
| what is a variable? | varying amounts |
| what is continual? | fixed ratio of 1 |
| what is immediate reinforcement? | given immediately after desired response |
| what is delayed reinforcement? | interval of time between response and the consequence |
| what does delayed gratification predict? | future success |
| what is latent learning? | -not apparent from behavior when it first occurs -occurs without obvious reinforcement |
| what is a cognitive map? | mental model of the environment on which the creature could choose to act |
| what indirect effects come from violence in the media? | 1. emotional disensitization 2. behavioral disinhibition |
| what is emotional disensitization? | lowered emotional sensitivity to violence |
| what is behavioral disinhibition? | aggression is viewed as more acceptable, therefore is more likely to occur |
| what are the necessary components of observational learning? | 1. attention 2. retention 3. reproduction 4. motivation |
| what two components of observational learning make up acquisition? | 1. attention 2. retention |
| what two components of observational learning make up performance? | 1. reproduction 4. motivation |
| what are the effects of modeling on behavior? | -teaches new behavior -influence frequency of previously learned behavior -encourage previously forbidden behavior -increase frequency of similar behaviors |
| what is self-efficacy? | one's belief about one's ability to perform behaviors that should lead to expected outcomes |
| review of classical conditioning... | -reflexive behaviors -learn association between CS and CR |
| review of operant conditioning... | -voluntary, complex, goal-directed behaviors -learn association between behavior and consequences |
| review of observational learning... | same as operant conditioning however, learning is vicarious and motivation determines if behavior will be performed once it has been acquired. |
| what is memory? | the ability to store and retrieve information that has been learned. |
| what are the stages of memory formation? | 1. encoding 2. storage 3. retieval |
| what is encoding? | forming mental representation info from the outside world |
| what is storage? | maintaining info in the memory system |
| what is retrieval? | recalling stored info |
| what is the history behind the three-stage model of memory? | -atkinson and shiffrin -1960's -information processing theory |
| true or false: sensory info must pass through 3 stages to be permanently remembered? | true |
| what is sensory memory? | sensory info is filtered from the environment |
| accurate representations are stored for... | a few seconds or less |
| for info to stay in memory it mus be... | attended to |
| what is ionic memory? | visual images, last about 1/2 second |
| what is echoic memory? | auditory stimuli, a few seconds |
| what is short term memory? | -if sensory memory is attended to, it will go to STM -info can stay for 10-30 seconds without rehearsal (brief) (small capacity though) |
| who discovered short term memory? | peterson and peterson |
| what is chunking? | reconfigure items by grouping them into meaningful pieces |
| how does short term memory overcome limited capacity? | chunking |
| how can short term memory keep info? | with rehearsal |
| what is maintenance rehearsal? | repeating info over and over |
| when is maintenance rehearsal ineffective? | for encoding to long term memory |
| what is elaborative rehearsal? | relating new info to info already stored in LTM |
| when is elaborative rehearsal effective? | for encoding to LTM |
| what is LTM? | -constitutes each person's total knowledge of the world -unlimited capacity -unlimited duration |
| what is the working memory? | -interchangeable with STM -memory resource that is used to accomplish tasks such as reasoning and language comprehension |
| what are the 3 components of the working memory? | 1. phonological loop 2. visuospatial sketchpad 3. central executive |
| what is phonological loop? | speech based info |
| what is visuospatial sketchpad? | visual and spatial info |
| what is central executive? | controls attention and coordinates info from the other components |
| what is schema? | organized cluster of knowledge about an object or event that is abstracted from previous experience |
| what is a semantic network? | related info is linked together in LTM |
| what is a node? | encoded material |
| what is a link? | connection between nodes |
| what is spreading activation? | if a particular node is activated, that activation will spread through he links to other related nodes |
| what are 5 types of memory? | 1. implicit memory 2. procedural memory 3. explicit memory 4. episodic memory 5. semantic memory |
| what is implicit memory? | memory that cannot be brought to mind consciously but can be expressed in behavior |
| what is procedural memory? | memory of how to do things |
| what is explicit memory? | conscious memory for facts and events |
| what is episodic memory? | specific memory for specific events |
| what is semantic memory? | general memory for ideas, rules, and concepts |
| what is retrospective memory? | remembering events from the past; previously learned info |
| what is prospective memory? | remembering to perform actions in the future |
| what is the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon? | temporary inability to remember something you know accompanied by the feeling that it's just out of reach |
| what are 2 ways to remember? | 1. recognition 2. recall |
| what is recognition? | gives retrieval cues |
| what is recalling? | having to come up with info all by yourself |
| what are the two serial position effects? | 1. primary effect 2. recency effect |
| what is primary effect? | tendency to remember the first few items on a list because they were rehearsed and moved to long term memory |
| what is recency effect? | tendency to remember the last items on a list because of the info is still in STM (only works within seconds) |
| what are the 4 levels of processing? | 1. shallow processing 2. medium processing 3. deep processing 4. self-referencing |
| what is an example of shallow processing? | pay attention to the first letter of each word in the list |
| what is an example of medium processing? | think of a word that rhymes with each word in the list |
| what is an example of deep processing? | think about the semantic meaning of each word on the list |
| what is an example of self-referencing? | think about whether or not each word describes some aspect of yourself |
| what is misinformation effect? | recall of event is altered by introducing misleading post-event information |
| what is the trace decay theory? | -info must be used or it will fade away -does not account for most forgetting. |
| what is motivated forgetting? | -freud -we repress unpleasant and painful memories because we do not want to remember them. -does not account for most forgetting |
| what is the interference theory? | -storage or retrieval of info is impaired by the presence of other info -accounts for MOST forgetting |
| what is proactive interference? | info that we already know interferes with something new |
| what is retroactive interference? | info that is new interferes with something that we already know |
| what is amnesia? | losing part or all of your memories, usually due to an accident |
| what is retrograde amnesia? | lose memory for events that occurred prior to the injury |
| what is anterograde amensia? | lose memory for the events that occur after the injury |
| what is mnemonics? | strategies for placing info into an organized context in order to remember it |
| what is narrative method? | create a story with items |
| what is the method of loci? | when learning a list of items, mentally 'place' them in a familiar location, when you need to remember them, mentally 'walk' through the location |
| what is peg word method? | associate items to be remembered with cues - if cues at retrieval are similar to cues at encoding, you will be better able to remember |
| what is state dependent memory? | if internal state is the same at encoding and retrieval, you will remember better |
| what is context dependent memory? | if context is the same at encoding and retrieval, you will remember better |
Created by:
kpmorris