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This perspective says that personality is determined by how our ego mediates unconscious conflicts between pleasure-seeking impulses and social restraints.
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This perspective says that personality is the expression of biologically influenced dispositions.
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AP Psychology Freud
AP Psychology Personality Perspectives
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| This perspective says that personality is determined by how our ego mediates unconscious conflicts between pleasure-seeking impulses and social restraints. | Psychoanalytic perspective |
| This perspective says that personality is the expression of biologically influenced dispositions. | Trait perspective |
| This perspective says that personality is how each person attempts to meet their needs, especially the need for self-actualization. | Humanistic perspective |
| This perspective says that personality is influenced by how we interpret external events. | Social-cognitive perspective |
| This perspective says that personality is learned through rewards and punishments. | Behavioral perspective |
| According to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware. | Unconscious |
| Information that is not conscious but is retrievable into conscious awareness. | Preconscious |
| Contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. It operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification. | Id |
| The largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. It operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain. | Ego |
| The part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations. | Superego |
| The childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones. | Psychosexual stages |
| According to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, where conflicts were unresolved. | Fixation |
| In psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality. | Defense mechanisms |
| In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness. | Repression |
| Defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated. | Regression |
| Defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Thus, people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings. | Reaction formation |
| Defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others. | Projection |
| Defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening unconscious reasons for one's actions. | Rationalization |
| Defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet. | Displacement |
| In psychoanalytic theory, the defense mechanism by which people rechannel their unacceptable impulses into socially approved activities. | Sublimation |
| A personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics. | Projective test |
| Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history. | Collective unconscious |
| Alfred Adler's idea of feeling one is inferior to others in some way. | Inferiority complex |
| Karen Horney described this as the unexpressed anxiety that some men feel in natural envy of the biological functions of women. | Womb envy |
| The founder of the psychoanalytic perspective and of the ideas of the unconscious. | Freud |
| One of the founders of the trait perspective. | Allport |
| A major proponent of the trait perspective, besides Gordon Allport. | Eysneck |
| The most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes. | Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) |
| A questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality tests. | Personalty inventories |
| The most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes. | Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) |
| The proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. | Heritability |
| A questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality tests. | Personalty inventories |
| A statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie one's total score. | factor analysis |
| Five broad domains or dimensions of personality that are used to describe human personality. | Big Five |
| A trait perspective questionnaire that is designed to measure psychological preferences in how people perceive the world and make decisions. | Myers-Briggs |
| The proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. | Heritability |
| This humanist proposed that we are motivated by a hierarchy of needs. | Maslow |
| This humanist believed that people are basically good and are endowed with self-actualizing tendencies. | Rogers |
| A statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie one's total score. | factor analysis |
| According to Maslow, the ultimate psychological need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential. | Self-actualization |
| Five broad domains or dimensions of personality that are used to describe human personality. | Big Five |
| One's feelings of high or low self-worth. | Self-esteem |
| A trait perspective questionnaire that is designed to measure psychological preferences in how people perceive the world and make decisions. | Myers-Briggs |
| All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?" | Self-concept |
| This describes the genetic nature of the traits that make up our personality. | Inborn temperament |
| Basic acceptance and support of a person regardless of what the person says or does. | Unconditioned positive regard |
| This humanist proposed that we are motivated by a hierarchy of needs. | Maslow |
| This causes us to focus on what others think we should be and lose touch with what we want to be. | Conditioned positive regard |
| Carl Rogers believed people needed to have these three traits to be psychologically healthy. | Genuineness, empathy, and acceptance |
| This humanist believed that people are basically good and are endowed with self-actualizing tendencies. | Rogers |
| According to Maslow, the ultimate psychological need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential. | Self-actualization |
| One's feelings of high or low self-worth. | Self-esteem |
| A readiness to peree | Self-concept |
| Basic acceptance and support of a person regardless of what the person says or does. | Unconditioned positive regard |
| This causes us to focus on what others think we should be and lose touch with what we want to be. | Conditioned positive regard |
| Carl Rogers believed people needed to have these three traits to be psychologically healthy. | Genuineness, empathy, and acceptance |
| A readiness to perceive oneself favorably. | Self-serving bias |
| Giving priority to one's own goals over group goals, and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications. | Individualism |
| The ability to make choices free from all restraints. | Free will |
| This conductor of the Bobo Doll experiment is an important founder of the social-cognitive perspective. | Bandura |
| THe interacting influences between the environment and personality. | Reciprocal determinism |
| The belief that you are likely to be successful at something. | Self-efficacy |
| The perception that one controls one's own fate. | Internal locus of control |
| The perception that chance or outside forces beyond one's personal control determine one's fate. | External locus of control |
| The hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events. | Learned helplessness |
| The tendency to be more confident than correct-to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs and judgments. | Overconfidence |
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