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Child Development; 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What did Bronfenbrenner’s theory involve? | 5 Bioecological systems |
| What were Bronfenbrenner’s 5 bioecological systems? | 1. Microsystem 2. Mesosystem 3. Exosystem 4. Macroystem 5. Chronosystem |
| What are the 3 most common research designs in child development? | experimental, non-experimental, qualitative |
| What research design includes a control group and an experimental group with random assignment and study causality (what causes what)? | experimental design |
| Which research design deals with “what goes with what”; it does not demonstrate causation and includes correlation coefficients | non-experimental correlation design |
| What is a correlation coefficient? | (r); the statistic that measures the relationship between two variables; range between -1 and +1; zero means no relationship between variables |
| Which research designs deal with interviews, observations of natural behavior; data usually reported in words, not numbers or statistics? | Qualitative Designs |
| What is a measure of the strength of the relationship between two variables or the size of the difference between the treatment and control group? | effect size |
| The higher the effect size is, the (more/less) effective it shows? | more |
| Which method is used to investigate how a small number of 10 year olds think and feel about divorce and you want to report the results in the children’s own words? | qualitative method |
| What model is an explanation for the negative effects of poverty where families in poverty experience conditions that can lead to depression, marital conflicts, and other problems, which then lead to diminished quality of parenting? | family stress model |
| What is the statistical estimate of the amount of variation of a trait in a population that is due to genes? | heritability |
| When dealing with heritability, the remaining variation is divided between what? | shared and non-shared environment |
| What are problems with estimating heritability? | over-estimation when parent reports are used; gene-environment correlations |
| The mental stress of racism and poverty (can/cannot) take a direct toll on physical health? | can |
| What is knowledge that helps a child “get ahead”? | cultural capital |
| What is it called when there is a pattern of incompatibilities between home and school? | cultural mismatch |
| What are 3 examples of cultural mismatch? | language, closeness during conversation, structure of stories |
| Research shows that different ethnic groups have different styles of storytelling. This can affect academic achievement and is an example of what? | cultural mismatch |
| Resiliency depends on an array of what two factors? | risk and protective factors |
| Combined risk factors predict (better/worse) outcomes than a single risk factor | better |
| What is a variable associated with negative child outcomes? | risk factor |
| What is a positive development despite adversity or risk? | resilience |
| Social risk factors are potent, including what? | maternal depression, poverty |
| What is an example of a cognitive risk factor? | low intelligence |
| What is an example of a cognitive protective factor? | high intelligence |
| What is an example of socioemotional risk factor? | aggression |
| What is an example of socioemotional protective factors? | social competence |
| What is an example of family risk factors? | harsh or alcoholic parent, divorce |
| What is an example of family protective factors? | warm, nurturing mother, involved father figure |
| What is an example of community risk factor? | neighborhood violence |
| What is an example of community protective factors? | religious involvement, extracurricular activities |
| The higher the students gpa, the (higher/lower) the students number of risks? | lower |
| Which model shows that families in poverty experience conditions that can lead to depression, marital conflict, and other problems, which then lead to diminished quality of parenting? | family stress model |
| A concept that is not clearly defined or well measured but includes a students behavior and academic skills when they enter schooling? | school readiness |
| What are common solutions for “nonready” children? | hold them back; provide compensatory preschool |
| What are two examples of compensatory preschool? | headstart; pre-kindergarten |
| What are signs of a students physical needs being met? | stay on task, greater desire to complete their tasks, less conflict in the centers or during free time |
| What are signs of a students physical needs being unmet? | misbehavior, mental illness, aggressive, distractive, selfish |
| The brain is constructed by what? | experience |
| Theory of psychology emphasizing the importance of self-actualization and least important is physical needs? | Maslow’s hierarchy of Needs |
| What are the 4 key aspects of brain development? | volume, myelination, glucose rate, building and pruning synapses |
| A fatty substance that forms an insulating sheath around axons; makes electrical signals more efficient; begins forming before birth; increases connections between key areas of the brain? | myelination |
| What is the rate of consumption of glucose (an indicator of energy use in the brain)? | glucose rate |
| What is a increase in neuron connection of the brain that occur from the 3rd trimester of gestation until 2 years? | synaptogenesis |
| According to Maslow’s hierarchy, the root cause of misbehavior is? | unmet needs |
| Synapses are pruned from a child’s brain as a result of what? | lack of use during his or her experiences |
| What are two examples of things that individual brain differences predict? | stress reactivity and behavioral inhibition (shyness) |
| Stress produces what hormone? | cortisol hormone |
| Stress reactivity can be seen in children who have what? | an underactive stress response; aggressive, impulse, delinquent, ADHD |
| Behavioral inhibition can be seen in who? | children who have an overactive stress response |
| Behavioral Inhibition is linked to what? | brain differences (right hemisphere) |
| What occurs along with behavioral inhibition? | depression, anxiety, anorexia, shy, avoid new people, events, objects |
| What is it called when the brain can change as a result of experience? | brain plasticity |
| What are the two types of brain plasticity? | physical (exercise/nutrition) and social (attachment, stress, stimulating environments |
| When are growth spurts for boys? | 14 |
| When are growth spurts for girls? | 10 |
| What age does physical activity peak? | 7-9 |
| What is a time of physical change and sexual characteristics develop? | puberty |
| Youth of the same age (may/will not) be radically different phases of puberty? | may |
| Early or late maturing may be what when combined with other risks? | risk factor |
| What is low birth rate? | less than 5.5 pounds |
| LBW is more common in what race? | black infants |
| What is LBW linked with ? | small size and delayed motor development; socioemotional problems (peer rejection); cognitive problems (low IQ); attention deficit; school problems (low test scores, learning disabilities) |
| What is a cause of LBW? | smoking, drug use |
| How do you help solve LBW? | improving the quality of parenting; the earlier the better |
| What factors influence growth and motor development.? | maturation; exercise; nutrition; low quality of parent-child relationship |
| Inadequately growing without any apparent medical reason? | Non organic failure to thrive |
| What are the group that may differ in physical development? | gender; SES;ethnicity |
| Classroom promotions of growth and motor development? | eliminate stress; keep relationships healthy; provide good nutrition at school; provide exercise; get expert help for students with motor problems |
| Pavlov, Skinner, and Thorndike promoted what kind of learning? | Behavior |
| Piaget, Vygotsky, Bandura promoted what kind of learning? | Cognition |
| What is the scientific study of overt, observable behaviors? | behaviorism |
| What kind of conditioning does behaviorism include? | classical and operant |
| What is it called when an unconditioned stimulus (meat) is paired with neutral stimulus (bell) causeing an involuntary (unconditioned) response (salivation) until neutral stimulus becomes conditioned? | classical conditioning |
| What is it called when voluntary behavior is conditioned through its consequences? | operant conditioning |
| In operant conditioning, what is a consequence that increases the probability of a response? | reinforcer |
| In operant conditioning, what is a reinforcement of successive approximations to a target behavior? | shaping |
| In operant conditioning, what is the stopping of reinforcement results in decline in response (response may increase initially after stopping reinforcement)? | extinction |
| What is reinforcement that occurs after every correct response? | continious reinforcement |
| What are reinforcements that occur after some, but not all responses? | intermittent reinforcement |
| What are some examples of intermittent schedule of reinforcement? | gambling, fishing, baseball hitting, indulging in tantrums, investing in stock market |
| Teresa has a painful experience at the dentist. The next time her mother brings her to the dentist she begins to get tense and anxious. In this situation the dentist and the dentists office are what? | conditioned stimuli |
| Teresa had a painful experience at the dentist’s office. The next time her mother brings her to the dentist’s office she begins to get tense and anxious. Teresa’s anxiety is what? | conditioned response |
| Negative reinforcement does what? | increases the probability of a behavior |
| Mike wants you to buy an iPad. He nags and nags every day and night. You want to escape from his nagging, so you bought it for him. Mike’s nagging is functioning as what? | negative reinforcement |
| What are 4 examples of voluntary response? | reinforcement, punishment, shaping, extinction |
| What is it called when the students do not learn from discovery, they are explicitly taught everything they are expected to know; no reliance on prior knowledge? | direct instruction |
| What are the 4 main factors of Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development? | schema, accommodation, assimilation, equilibrium |
| What is the cognitive structure or piece of understanding that is constructed through experience? | schema |
| What is modifying existing mental structures (schema) or creating new schema to “adapt” to new experience? | accommodation |
| What is incorporating a new perception into existing schema? | assimilation |
| What is a state of cognitive balance between assimilation and accommodation? | equilibrium |
| What are the 4 major stages of cognitive development? | sensorimotor; preoperational; concrete operational; formal operational |
| What kind of differences in reasoning are among the 4 stages of cognitive development? | qualitative differences |
| Symbolic thought, deferred imitation, object permanence, and A-not-B error occur in what stage of cognitive development? | sensorimotor stage |
| What is it called when one thing stands for another; mamma, juice? | symbolic thought |
| What is the ability to mentally represent and then imitate an action that was observed in the past? | deferred imitation |
| What is the knowledge that objects are out of view continue to exist? | object permanence |
| What is it called when a child keeps looking for point A even if an object is removed to point B; incomplete understanding of object permancence? | A-not-B error |
| In what stage of cognitive development does a low level of logical thinking, animism, trouble with hierarchical classification, egocentric, inability to decenter and reverse operations occur, issues with volume?? | preoperation stage (2-7) |
| In what stage of cognitive development does a child master conservation tasks, able to decenter and reverse operations, more logical in thinking? | concrete operational stage (7-11) |
| In what stage of cognitive development is a child capable of fully logical and abstract thinking, can think about possibilities that do not exist, can isolate variables in experiments? | formal operational stage (12+_) |
| What is it called in Piaget’s theory where kids do not simply copy the moral standars, construct their own notion of what is right or wrong, and justice is the essence of morality? | moral judgment |
| What is it called when there is authority and rules are fixed? | heteronymous Modality |
| What is it called with authority is reciprocal, mutual respect? | autonomous |
| What does Kohlber’s level 1 of moral judgment deal with? | pre-conventional morality: punishment and obedience to authority not breaking the laws, fairness, serving your own interest |
| What does Kohlber’s level 2 of moral judgment deal with? | conventional morality: laws are supreme, being royal, keeping society functioning; law and order |
| What does Kohlber’s level 3 of moral judgment deal with? | Post-conventional morality: abstract principles of justice and rights; values and rules are relative-protection of rights; commit to universal moral principles of justice, and equality, and dignity |
| What is it called when kids pay more attention to context when they learn language? | primacy of language |
| What is hands on teaching; connecting new material to familiar objects and events; allow choice; talk less and listen more; open ended questions? | constructivist teaching |
| What is described when students are explicitly taught everything they are suppose to know? | direct instruction |
| Children who cannot decenter are likely in which of Piaget’s stages? | preoperational |
| Jenny can go beyond what she sees in the real world and can consider possibilities and scenarios that don’t exist. She is likely in which of Piaget’s stages? | formal operational |
| The constructivist approach to instruction is most based upon the theories of who? | Piaget |
| Object permanence refers to the belief of what? | objects continue to exist even when out of sight |
| Solomon’s mother hides his sippy cup by first placing it under a blanket and then putting it under a nearby pillow, in Solomon’s full view. Solomon responds by looking for the sippy cup under the blanket. This is an example of what? | A-not-B error |
| Which form of conservation are children likely to master last? | Volume |
| What were some aspects of Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory? | importance of social interaction; role of more expert instructor; zone of proximal development; scaffolding; private speech; cultural tools |
| What are aspects of Social Constructivist Teaching? | scaffolding; reciprocal teaching; discussion; reciprocal teaching |
| What are the main aspects of Bandura’s social cognitive theory? | learn through observation; vicarious reinforcement; self-efficacy |
| What refers to a sense of confidence about one’s ability to perform a specific task, including academic tasks? | self-efficacy |
| Self-efficacy (is/is not) learned? | is |
| How is self efficacy different from self-esteem? | self efficacy is a sense of confidence of beliefs, self-esteem is a deep psychological trait |
| How does self-efficacy belief impact achievement? | self-efficacy beliefs lead to the behaviors that are most consistent with school success; serves as an antecedent to academic success |
| If a teacher is working with Sally in her zone of proximal development, what does it mean? | the teacher is improving Sally’s competence by giving assistance |
| Private speech (is/is not) normal and common in young children? | true |
| A teacher reads text with students, models summarizing the text, predicting what might come next, and then scaffolds the students to do the same. The instruction is best described as an example of what? | reciprocal teaching |
| What are the steps of the Multistore model of information processing? | Executive functions, attention, sensory key, working memory |
| At what age does processing speed increase? | adolescence (13-19) |
| What does working memory capacity improve? | memory span and control of attention |
| What does executive functions improve? | for preschoolers and early elementary, tests including sorting by color and then switch to sorting by shape; for older children, stroop test |
| In younger children the amount of storage and processing is (the same/different)? | same |
| In older children, the amount of storage and processing is (different)? | different; storage is larger |
| What is the stroop task? | read a word; say the color |
| How can you reduce load on students’ working memory and executive functions? | present information at appropriate speed; reduce distractions; increase student’s expertise; provide external storage(students take notes or provide notes); carve problems into smaller subtasks that can be performed sequentially |
| What is ADHA? | neurobehavioral disorder that deals with impulsivity, assault, low self-control, higher rate in boys, 6-9% of school age children; symptoms diminish with age |
| How can you help students with ADHD? | seat child away from distractions, check frequently that they understand directions; give instructions in short bouts rather than lengthy lists; praise good behavior; praise classroom success |
| What is an accurate statement about the information processing model discussed in the text? | information from the outside world that enters long-term memory must first pass through the sensory register |
| Sally is reading her history textbook and realizes that she is using a poor strategy for remembering what she has read. What has been activated? | metagcognition |
| The stroop test is primarily a measure of what? | inhibitory control |
| The textbook points out that ADHD is linked with which of the follwing? | mother’s use of tobacco or alcohol during pregnancy |
| Why do you forget things that you knew? | decay, retrieval failure, interference |
| What are memory strategies for encoding? | increased frequencies of exposure to information;rehearsal (least advanced method); organization; elaboration |
| What are ways of enhancing your student’s memory? | talk about what you want remembered; combine verbal and visual information; build on prior knowledge; teach effective memory strategies; increase exposure to what you want remembered; space vs. massed practice; test students |
| What is KWL chart? | what we know; what we want to know; what we learned |
| What are two kinds of mnemonics? | acronyms; keyword |
| Learners may need how many high quality exposures to new material before they remember it? | three |
| In early childhood, what are the reasoning beginning skills? | induction, deduction, analogy |
| What is induction? | figuring out information based on experience, generalize to new situations |
| What is deduction? | knowledge of a premise leads to logical conclusion |
| What are the age trends in reasoning of middle childhood? | distinguish reasoning from guessing; develop new strategies if initial strategies fail |
| What are age trends in reasoning in adolescence? | scientific reasoning(vary one factor at a time to infer causal relations); more effective at inquiry activities |
| What classroom implications for reasoning and problem solving are there? | identify students’ strategies; teach effective strategies using modeling, feedback, student discussion; help students understand what is the problem; foster argument, discussion, defense of claims; use inquirey; directly train reason |
| What are 3 things that deal with behaviorism and math instruction? | behavioral objectives; direction instruction; drill and practice |
| What does Piaget’s Theory and math instruction deal with? | constructivist approach; assimilate and accommodate; children reinvent number concepts on their own; errors help teacher understand children’s thinking process; ask children to explain their strategy |
| What does Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory and math instruction deal with? | cultural transmission of knowledge; social interaction with a more knowledgeable person; scaffolding; ask children to explain their strategy |
| What does information processing and math instruction deal with? | support working memory and executive process; aid encoding for long-term memory and effective retrieval through spaced practice and frequent tests; memorize facts relevant to problem solving; give feedback; have learners explain their strategies |
| Sometimes the chemistry class takes its exams in the lecture hall where the professor lectures, and sometimes in the testing center. What explains why test scores tend to be better in the lecture hall? | keyword method |
| Which of the following is the least advanced encoding method? | rehearsal |
| There is evidence that learners may need how many high quality exposures to new material before they will remember it? | tree |
| Which of the following is the most effective learning strategy? | write summaries and take notes on the big ideas that are presented |
| A three-year old figured out that his father was gone because his father’s car was gone and his mothers car was in the garage. The child was using what form of reasoning? | inductive |
| Intelligence is the ability to do what? | reason, plan, solve problems; think abstractly; comprehend complex ideas; learn quickly; makes sense of things; figure out what to do |
| What is intelligence as g? | general intelligence or cognitive ability; pertains to many tasks, rather than domain-specific; expertise in a domain can compensate for low g in that domain |
| What is the theory of successful intelligence(Sternberg)? | analytic intelligence; practical intelligence; creative intelligence |
| What is analytic intelligence? | recognizing and defining problems, generating solutions, evaluation process |
| What is practical intelligence? | putting ideas into practice in the real world, street smart |
| What is creative intelligence? | generating new or different ideas, create, invent |
| What is Gardner’s theory of Multiple intelligences? | intelligence attributes something to applicable career |
| What is the Flynn Effect? | worldwide pattern of rising intelligence scores |
| What factors could the Flynn Effect be due to? | schooling, nutrition, complexity of modern life, less disease, improved test-taking skills |
Created by:
arcall