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hyterms

US history terms

Question	Answer
“Urban-Rural Split”	almost 2 americas developing, urban – northern, eastern wet on prohibition. And rural america – southern, old, farm, dry on prohibition.
Alfred P. Sloan	General Motors - replaces Ford for leading car figure. sloan is well known for introducing: annual model change in automobiles, idea of different colored cars, has different models for different parts of your life so you'll stay as a lifelong customer.
craft unionism	AFL - organizing exclusively the highly skilled crafts people, idea: if these ppl go on strike, it will really threaten the company. AFL is interested in hiring only highly skilled workers (no immigrants).
"pink collar jobs"	jobs for women, generally low paying. Clerks, sales people, secretaries, etc. (white color- working behind a desk. Blue color – working with hands)
Bruce Barton, "The Man Nobody Knows"	book is about Jesus being the ultimate businessman.
Gertrude Stein, The Lost Generation	deeply lost because of the wars.
The Scopes Trial	scopes teaches evolution in school that causes trial. Conclude that fundamentalists look bad
Clarence Darrow	lawyer for the liberal position (scopes trial)
William Jennings Bryan	lawyer for the fundamentalists (scopes trial)
Warren G. Harding	tons of scandals happen under Harding's presidency. Harding not prepared for presidency.
Bolshevik Revolution	Russian communists stated their intentions to go country by country to spread communism.
“Red Summer” of 1919	many race riots
Labor Strikes of 1919	Employers want to make unions illegal again after war as well as take back 8-hour work day, etc.
Peacetime Sedition Laws	300 people are thrown in jail for being opposed to the war again.
The Palmer Raids	(climax of riots) Palmer authorizes a massive national rage using county, state, local police to find these anarchists. 6,000 people are arrested. Deport 500 illegal immigrants. (Total disaster)
A. Mitchell Palmer, J. Edgar Hoover	Hoover convinces Palmer that America is about to be taken over by anarchist/radical/commis. Hoover thinks that they have tons of weapons that they are going to use to attack country. (they only find 3 pistols nation wide). Palmer resigns, Hoover survives
Sacco and Vanzetti	openly anarchists from italy. Arrested may 1920, charged with murdering paymaster. Trial is unfair. Executed by electric chair.
Oliver Wendell Holmes and Louis Brandeis	emphasised the right of Americans to speak their minds even if it isn't popular without fear of being imprisoned.
Treaty of Versailles	peace treaty that ended WWI. It was so poorly written that it guaranteed ww2
Wilson's 14 points - self-determination	points 1-8. allowing ppl to determine their own futures.
Wilson's 14 points - international conduct	9-13. Wilson wants freedom of the seas. No secret treaties. Free trade.
Wilson's 14 points - League of Nations	14th point – here is a place we can all come and talk about our differences and work them out.
Sen. Henry Cabot Lodge (R-Mass.)	in charge of the comity that is in charge of passing the treaty of Versailles, and he doesn't like Wilson's points.
Strikes of 1919	3,600 labor strikes during 1919
Calvin Coolidge - Boston Police Strike	boston police go on strike. Gov. Calvin Coolidge crushes boston police strike by hiring completely new police force.
Chicago Race Riot	young black teenager swimming in lake michigan gets stone for swimming to close to white beach, he is knocked unconscious and drowns. Causes a riot.
Election of 1920 and the Return to “Normalcy”—Warren G. Harding	Harding promises a return to things back to normal.
Liberty Bonds	A type of bond issued by the U.S. government during World War I. Liberty bonds were introduced as a means of financing the war effort in Europe.
War Boards and Business “Associationalism”	coordination/cooperation between government and business.
War Industries Board—Bernard Baruch	most important figure for business associationalism. Tremendous profits made during the war.
National War Labor Board	tried to keep relations between labor and management. Employers agreed to legally recognize unions, the right for a union to exist and engage for collective bargaining. 8 hour day, equal pay for women. blacks/women replaced white men's positions.
The Ludlow Massacre (1914)	miners were kicked out of their housing. State militia and a group of non-striking workers attacked that colony, killing 39 people (11 children).
“The Great Migration”	many blacks moving south to the north. Idea that they could get a better job, less racism, more freedom. They still encountered much racism, many low paying jobs. Still some level of freedom that made it pay off for some. (Tension of blacks taking jobs)
East St. Louis Riot	race riot - 40 blacks killed, black's houses burned.
National Council of Defense	system setup for local govs to monitor their own defense needs. Often transferred to social control of blacks, labor union members, other “dangers” to the community.
Carrie Chapman Catt and Jane Addams	Supporters of Pacifism and The Peace Movement – against the war. Carrie Chapman Catt – changes and becomes for the war, Jane Addams – hated after the war for opposing the war.
Billy Sunday	professional baseball player. Prototype for televangelism. Popular in South, self-made man, pro-war.
Committee on Public Information—George Creel	begins to saturate public with info to support the war
Espionage Act of 1917	allows the post office to BLOCK the mailing of unpatriotic materials. Defined as: any statements that might criticize the motives of the government.
Sabotage Act of 1918	forbade obstruction of the US war (strikes and labor unions that tried to get in the way of the war).
Sedition Act of 1918	makes any public expression of opposition to the war illegal.
imprisonment of Eugene Debs	10 years, for being against the war and criticizing gov
“Big Bill” Haywood	flees before he is imprisoned (for being against the war)
vigilante mobs	people who begin to attack those who are not pro-war (unpatriotic)
The American Protective League	250,000 agents who begin to pry into the activities and thoughts of the neighbors (opening mail, tapping telephones) trying to find someone who might be not 100% pro-war.
the “Second” Ku Klux Klan	targets blacks as well as anyone who is a non-conformist (against war, women who try to work outside of house, jews, catholics, immigrants, socialists, teenagers) sees itself as christian and patriotic.
Stanley Hall	nothing German is allowed or it's renamed.
“Big Stick” Diplomacy “Gunboat Diplomacy”	derives from the assumption that there are civilized and uncivilized nations. We as a civilized nation (white anglo saxons) (based on race, wealth, etc). have a duty to intervene in uncivilized nations affairs.
Russo-Japanese War	Japan launches sneak attack on the Russian Fleet. They want a rich part of china. Defeat Russians. Teddy offers to negotiate peace between Japanese. This gave us right to trade freely in Asia. After War Japs take back the peace between US as far as trade.
Tour of the “Great White Fleet”	massive fleet of American Warships. Sends it on a world tour. Purpose: demonstrate American naval power to the rest of the world.
Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine (Venezuela, 1902)	Monroe Doctrine says the western hemisphere is closed to European colonization. The Roosevelt Corollary added to the Monroe Doctrine by saying that we (U.S.) reserve the right to intervene in any country's internal affairs that we deem necessary.
Dominican Republic	owes 22 million dollars to Europe. Still one of the poorest places on earth. We take over Dominican Republic as US territory.
Cuba and the Platt Amendment	for next 40 years or so we control Cuba. They have there own constitution. In it is the Platt Amendment which says - US has right to come in at any time into Cuba and intervene, settle militarily (set up military bases)
The Panama Canal	Canal that will connect the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean. France completes 40% of this project. Columbia rejects US's attempt to own/control this. Roosevelt starts new country/gov called Panama. Once gov in place, they sign canal over to US.
Nicaragua and “Dollar Diplomacy”	Nicaragua and “Dollar Diplomacy” - US intervention to improve the profits of American companies over seas. (In Nicaragua we have 3 military operations from America for mining down there.)
US Virgin Islands	In 1917 Wilson buys the Danish West Indies. Renames it US Virgin Islands.
Mexico story characters	Porfirio Diaz is friendly, but corrupt. Madero is unfriendly to U.S. We try to track down and kill Pancho Villa.
WWI - The Triple Entente	Britain, France, and Russia
WWI - The Triple Alliance	Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy
WWI - The Allies	Britain, France, Russia, USA, Italy
WWI - The Central Powers	Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Turks
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand	Spark of WWI. This is the successor to the austria-hungary who is assasinated.
The Schliefen Plan	if there is war, Germans will sweep into france, knock out french, leaving just Britain. They believe by the time Russians get there, they will have already have taken care of France and Britain
trench warfare	ppl build trenches and live in them for long periods of time, high casualties
1st Battle of the Marne (1914)	Germans push so far into France, they can see paris
Battle of the Somme (July-Nov 1916)	German army of over 1 million men VS. Brit and French. On first day of battle Brits lose 60,000 men
shell-shocked	“psychological disturbace caused by prolonged experience to active warefare”
2nd Battle of the Marne (July-Sept 1918)	decisive tipping point is when the US gets involved and we have this battle. Germans had pushed within 50 miles of Paris.
Battle of Argonne Forest (Sept 1918)	decisive battle. At the end of it, the allies are successful at stopping the Germans (WWI)
President during WWI?	Wilson. He tries to keep America out of wwI until his re-election.
The Triangle Shirtwaist Fire (1911)	141 ppl, mostly women are burned to death in this fire. Because they're at a work place that has locked them in. Reason: so that workers cannot slip out the back door to smoke for example. Shows a need for workplace safety.
Arthur S. Link, C. Vann Woodward	wrote that southern progressivism is for whites only. Warped progressivism that was possible for the south because they're constantly having to deal with this fear of blacks.
Booker T. Washington	his approach the race relationships is accomodationism. Says if black man can advance economically, then along with that, automatically there will be social acceptance (money → education → higher status). he asks for whites to support is Tuskegee Model
“accommodationism,” vocational education	Education should be geared towards doing something mutual that society wants you to do, then blacks will get money, and then white acceptance
Tuskegee Model	based on accommodationism. This is mimicked through the country.
W. E. B. DuBois	northerner. Thinks washington's view (of accommodationism) is not aggressive enough. Says that the black man should see his rights. Says doesn't matter how much you advance economically, thats not going to get you acceptance.
The “Talented Tenth,”	every race has a certain 10% or so who are above and beyond the rest of that race. So black people have to rely on there top 10% to guide them. Not to get vocational education, but to get classic education (being educated just like white people)
the Niagra Movement (1905)	says why don't we get white liberals to join our movement. They meet at niagra falls. It develops into the naacp
NAACP	(national advancement association for colored people) – begins to challenge segregation directly through the court system . Have grandfather clause overturned by the supreme court.
Grandfather clause	says if you had an ancestor who fought in civil war, you could vote (a way to make it so black couldn't vote) this is a loophole to allow you to vote if you're white.
Marcus Garvey, “separationism,” the “Back to Africa” movement	we need to go back to africa, take pride in being an african american, because we're never going to gain acceptance here
Interracial Cooperation	these ppl want an anti-lynching law The law to make lynching a crime never passes because in the US senate, the southern states controlled enough seats, to where they could block any attempt to pass these anti-lynching laws.
Prohibition, 18th Amendment (1919)	bans alcohol sales.
Immigration Reform and the “New Immigration”	too many immigrants coming in. lots of problems with immigration: b/c they don't speak the language. They're different religions. Different groups/gangs. There are attempts to cut immigration numbers. A lot of prejudice. big businesses don't like this.
Madison Grant, The Passing of the Great Race (1916)	about the white race dying off because of immigration
Socialism	government should own the means of production. Gov should make sure that the fruits of ppl's labor are more fairly distributed.
International Workers of the World (the “Wobblies”)	aggressive, militant labor unions. Do things like blowing up employers property. Very violent.
leader of Wobblies	"Big Bill" Haywood
The "New Freedom" Woodrow Wilson, Louis Brandeis, "Other People's Money"	Big business is bad. When corporation gets to big it tends to break law, take advantage of people, effect politics negatively. so if somethings gets too big, gov must break them up and make them compete with each other.
The “New Nationalism”	say not every big company is bad. Gov needs to distinguish between the good trusts and bad trusts. Destroying just the bad trusts.
Teddy Roosevelt (1901)	First modern American president.
The Square Deal	The governement shouldn't be pro-labor or pro-business, but an impartial referee.
“trust-busting” and J. P. Morgan	Roosevelt busts up one of J.P. Morgan's railroads. Morgan is shocked. Tells roosevelt not to bust up his company, but he does it anyways. J.P. Morgan is the financial figure in the country.
1902 Anthracite Coal Strike	roosevelt, goes to coal company and tells them to settle. He wants them to sit down and come up with a settlement. They didn't agree until roosvelt threatened to shut them down if they did not cooperate. They get a 10% raise and a 9 hour day.
Pure Food and Drug Act Meat Inspection Act	laws to regulate what goes into your food to see if there is stuff that can kill you in them. Same with drugs.
Conservation	believes that no every piece of ground should be open to private development.
Panic of 1907 and J. P. Morgan	economic depression. The conservatives are quick to blame Roosevelt. Ironically, roosevelt works with JP Morgan. Who pulls a lot of capital together to bail out this depression.
William H. Taft	much more conserve than roosevelt thought.
Payne-Aldrich Tariff	a tariff imposes a tax on foreign goods to protect american industry, but also raises prices
The Ballinger Controversy Louis Glavis Gifford Pinchot	take over a million of the acres that roosevelt set aside for private land and sell them. Ballinger ok's this. Louis says Ballinger is being paid off to open the public land for private development. Pinchot tells him. Taft fires both of them.
The Oswatomie Speech (September 1, 1910)—Kansas “social justice,” the “public welfare”	Social justice – only possible if you have an acting federal gov. you can't just have profits you need to have human welfare. Some people simply have unearned money (such as trading stocks).
The Bull-Moose Party and the Election of 1912: TR, Taft, Debs, and Wilson	together they split 56%, and wilson becomes president.
Woodrow Wilson	Religious. Col. Edward M. House – Wilson's right hand man. Keating-Owen Child Labor Law (1916) - passes Smith-Lever Act (1914) – gives federal grants to farms.
Progressivism	Nature vs. Nurture – come down to nurture. If you nurture them you can save lives. Monopoly – anti-bigness for giant corporations.
The Muckrakers	crusading investigating journalist, who began to write about how things were politically, in order to expose what's actually going on (curruption). Ppl who are sitting in office aren't representing the people, they're representing big business.
Ida Tarbell and the Standard Oil Trust	Wrote about the lying/cheating corruption about standard oil. infuriated people.
Lincoln Steffens, The Shame of the Cities (1904)	wrote about how corrupt urban government was. Went under cover.
Upton Sinclair, The Jungle (1906)	he went undercover in the chicago meat packing industry, and wrote about the conditions.
Gospel of Wealth	says that material success implies that you are elect/saved.
Social Gospel	religion was about improving society yourself rather than just worrying about yourself.
Salvation Army	example of Gospel of Wealth. Salvation army comes over from england in 1900.
Walter Rauschenbush	says calvinism is nonsense, religion isn't about predestination or survival of the fittest. It's about working together as a society to better each other.
Rerum Novarum—Pope Leo XIII, Fr. John A. Ryan	writes a teaching that says catholic social teaching is about social issues (helping poor, feeding hungry).
Laissez-faire	no government regulation/oversite. Let business do what they're going to do. “hands off”
The Settlement House Movement	aimed at young women that needed help. Single women come together to improve their neighborhoods. They begin social work.
Hull House	400 settlement houses spring around the country
Jane Addams	she said that you have a problem with young women on their own with children. It's in societies best interest to help out people in this situation. So should starts the settlement house.
Social Work	social worker. Generally a young single woman. People helping out other people.
American Medical Association, National Association of Manufacturers, US	People needed to actually be educated to get into medicine. reasons to have AMA – if only a limited number of people can be doctors, they get paid more because there are less supply of doctors.
The “New Woman” Movement, Clubwomen	women who believe they have a role outside the home (non-threatening things such as builiding parks, play grounds etc). Many discourage for this. Children are starting school sooner, which give women more time.
Women’s Trade Union League (1903)	gets involved in union workplace strikes.
Sufferage movement	originally was radical because it said the man and woman's sphere weren't separate
Alice Paul	wanted equal rights for women. She was blasted down.
The 19th Amendment (1920)	women will get to vote.
Urban Machines and Political Bosses	a boss (corruptly) controlled a great number of political votes (through different methods). Enough votes to put in a mayor or sharif.
Commission Form	mayer-council system tended to be controlled by bosses and was corrupt so we should have a city commission
Galveston Flood of 1900	city destroyed by massive hurricane, rebuilt city along commission line
City-Manager System	hire an expert to run the city
Tom Johnson (Cleveland), Hazen Pingree (Detroit), Samuel “Golden Rule” Jones (Toledo)	new reform minded mayers.
Reforms at the State Level: Initiative	if the ppl want something, then they should get names on a petition
Reforms at the State Level: Recall	we voted for someone who's no good. Recall election to kick that person out.
“Manifest Destiny”	the idea that US needed to expand
The Turner Thesis. Frederick Jackson Turner and the Frontier Thesis Congress of Berlin (1867)	idea that frontier was closing, all best land was taken. Effect: it was harder and harder for ppl to make their own destiny.
The “White Man’s Burden”, Rudyard Kipling	God has made white man the superior race. It is now your God given duty to help other races
The Mahan Thesis	receives much attention – argues that all great empires throughout history have relied on sea power.
Hawaii (1898)	Hawaii had been dominated by it's own ppl. Around 1830's americans began to move into hawaii because of the sugar crop. By 1840s, the sugar planters (5% of hawaiin population) pretty much controlled the government.
Why did sugar crop owners want Hawaii to become part of the US?	to avoid higher tax's from tarrifs.
Queen Liliuokalani	doesn't want Hawaii to be taken over by US. Doesn't like the sugar planters. Says that they are greedy. She doesn't last.
Spanish-American War (1898)	kind of a joke because they're old. Spain is pretty much strongest empire in the world. Their power is starting to fade. They're having more and more trouble with Cuba.
“A splendid little war”—Sec. of State John Hay	spanish-american war is called this. “Remember the maine”, it's the reason we declared war on them. war only lasts 4 months. We don't really look good in the war. There are racial conflicts in our own troops.
“Butcher Weyler”—Gen. Valeriano Weyler	Incredibly brutal with the cubans. Uses concentration camps. US begins to criticize spain for being brutal to justify and publicly stir up americans to fight spain (because of the nice prices they had).
William Randolph Hearst and the New York Journal	newspapers that depict spaniards as evil/brutal. (yellow journalism)
Joseph Pulitzer and the New York World	newspapers that depict spaniards as evil/brutal. (yellow journalism)
Teddy Roosevelt	as a child, family is concerned about his health. The west makes a man out of him, he becomes a cowboy, becomes hardened. Cares about physical fitness, eating well ,etc.He wants to prove himself brave on the battlefield
The “Rough Riders,” San Juan Hill	spaniards have their biggest guns at the top of this hill. Teddy volunteers to go up with his men and take the hill. Which they do. Teddy becomes an overnight hero. They end up losing over 100 men. Greatest day of his life.
Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, the Phillipines	is declared independent (which is a joke, we control cuba). We also get puerto rico, guam, and the Philippines.
Commodore George Dewey	we send out an american flotilla under him. The minute hostilities are delcared between the US and Spain, He attacks the Spanish fleet. And destroys them, and takes the philippines too.
William Jennings Bryan	Is not against it (Philippines), He says that we should keep the territory. He says this because he wants to run for president and this is the perfect issue for him to win the presidency. Bryan loses.
Cuba and the Platt Amendment	says we have the right to intervene in cuba whenever we please, right to send our military in any time we want. mostly to put down revolts against the sugar planters.
The Philippine War (1898-1902)	last's 4 years. We send 200,000 american troops. We lose 4300 american troops. over 50,000 Philippinos are killed. We use conscentration camps. We begin to kill prisoners of war (POWs). We use same immoral tactics that Spain used.
Emile Aguinaldo	great at guerrilla warfare. (hit and run tactics. Very difficult) lead by him.
(China) Sec. of State John Hay and the “Open Door” Policy	saying everything is open to the chinese. Equal trading rights to all nations in all of China. Europeans don't like it. They ignore Hay, respond cooly too it. Hay lies however and tell the press that they are ok with it.
The Boxer Rebellion	an ancient martial arts group called the boxers began to fight back and attack any western ppl they could find.
Sec. of War Elihu Root and military reforms	Elihu Root begins to institute these policies that man wanted to place a bigger navy, an army staff college, war college. So we are getting stronger and stronger militarily.
The Populist Revolt	“Farmer Revolt”. The most dramatic explosive challenge to corporate dominance for wealth in a long time. Consists of predominately farmers. An attempt to organize regular ppl (mostly farmers)
Rutherford B. Hayes, “Lemonade Lucy”	republican, opposed to Samuel J Tilden (close election). Lemonade Lucy is unpopular because she refuses to serve alcohol in the white house.
Grover Cleveland, the “Mugwumps”	extremely conservative. He sends federal troops to crush strikes. Ran for the democrats.
Wormley-House Bargain	The people who controlled the votes for the last 3 states agreed to vote for Hayes, in exchange for an end to reconstruction in the south (the formal withdrawl of federal troops from the South). So Hayes enters the whitehouse as less popular candidate.
The Pendleton Act (1883)	conscerned with the civil service. First attempt to do this on a national level.
Civil service	way to test people to see who's most qualified for the job. Not about Who you know (patronage) but What you know: people should get jobs for the government.
Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890)	Outraged over the giant corporations that were killing competition and raising prices. Problem: It ended up hurting them. Instead of being used to take on giant corporations, it was used to attack unions that were attacking corporations.
Interstate Commerce Act (1887)	an attempt to answer the complaints of the Grange about higher frate rates in South and West.
Patronage	ppl that support ppl for government do it w/ the understanding that if they're elected there will be a spot in that administration waiting for them. Not most civil way of selecting ppl for governement.
Wabash, St. Louis, and Pacific Railway v. Illinois (1886)	supreme courts struck down the law providing for equal frate rates.
The Grange	group of midwestern farm people. Peek: 800,000 members. They had many complaints. One was that ppl in the south & west are charged higher frate rates. Had idea of the cooperative movement. Attempt to relieve the isolation/bordem/lack of social connection
The Cooperative Movement	instead of every single person having to go buy their own individual things. They get together and buy a few of the things (law mower) instead of one for everyone, put them in a barn and check them out. Cut costs.
Montgomery Ward	idea of “we want stuff in the city but its difficult to get to the city” so they created a mail order catalog.
The Farmers’ Alliances	Country store charged enormous interest rates on their debt. So alliance targeted them. Solution: cooperative stores were jointly owned by farmers alliance members. (Cooperation over competition) Really scared the powers in a political and economic sense.
Populist Movement	the political arm of the Farmer's alliance. Did experience enough successes to scare some people. Decided we HAVE to become politically involved. Ocala Platform came out of this meeting.
Mary E. Lease	advised ppl to “raise more hell and less corn”. big in kansas
The Ocala Platform (1890)	had a great deal of success. The populous elected a lot of people (elected 6 governers, 3 us senetors, 50 members of the house of representatives, took control of 12 state legislators)
The Colored Alliance	black people in a separate alliance that were affiliated but not allowed into the alliance.
The Subtreasury Plan	vast network of warehouses funded by the government where ppl would deposit their crop, cut out the high rates and middle man, borrow money from the government for their crops and not have to sell their crops when supply was high.
Direct election of US senators	Now you get to go and vote for US senators.
Graduated income tax	tax used to run things such as the subtreasury plan.
The Panic of 1893	the depression. Stock markey collapse, credit shrunk, banks failed. Unemployment hit about 20%.
Coxey’s Army, and Jacob Coxey	got a group of ppl together called Coxey's Army. 500 men marched to washington dc demanding that the government to do something to help with the depression. This army was attacked by the police, Coxey was arrested.
Free Silver, the “crime of ‘73”	populous and poor ppl wanted silver to be part of national currency. This would cause inflation because gold was rare but now there is more currency with silver. Crediters do not like inflation because the money owed to them does not have as much value.
The crime of 73	discontinues the use of the silver coin.
The Sherman Silver Purchase Act (1890) and Grover Cleveland’s repeal	that requires the government to purchase silver (no coin silver) paid for in gold. Grover Cleveland vetos this. Cleveland's veto splits the democratic party and allows the rise of the great commoner.
William Jennings Bryan, “the Great Commoner”	Bryan eventually runs for president 3 times as a democrat against Cleveland. He speaks out for the poor, ppl in debt. Campaigned actively. Youngest presidential nominee ever.
The “Cross of Gold” speech	Says that He would not allow the country to become crucified upon a cross of gold. Problem: fusion. Eventually the Populist decides to fuse with Bryan, however this causes them to lose their own identity. Lost election. Movement declines after that.
1920 Census	first time that we record that most americans live an in urban setting
City	new place. place where foreigners usually come. Most come over for economic reasons (to get jobs). Problems: immigrants are taking jobs of Americans (poverty). Supply goes up and demand stays same, so prices drop. murder rate goes up
Public Spaces	places where anyone (regaurdless of race/gender/economic status/etc) can gather (places like concert halls, libraries, train/bus stations). Places where the rich have to be near the poor.
The Great Unwashed	people without money/home.
Immigrant ghettos	where immigrants got together and have their own: languages, newspapers, stores, churches, etc.
The “Know Nothings”	revolves around 100% Americanizm.
American Protective Association	500,000 ppl call for and enforce harsh treatment of these immigrants. These 2 groups practice Xenophobia – a fear/dislike of immigrants.
Literacy Requirement	need to speak English before you enter country. It was passed by congress, but president Grover Cleveland vetoed this bill.
Urban planting problems	open sewage. Drinking water is polluted.
Central Park, Frederick Law Olmstead and Calvin Vaux	idea: central place that is in the city that is pleasant, open to public. New York: over 700 ppl per acre (crazy high)
“Boss” William M. Tweed, Tammany Hall	founded by Aaron Burr. - synonymous with immigrants, unwashed ppl. provides urban bosses who provide for these people (like mafia/ organized crime)
Montgomery Ward, Sears & Roebuck	catalog companies
Coney Island, “amusements”	a center of amusement (for leisure).
Marquis of Queensbury Rules	first heavy weight champion of the world.
Nickelodeons	ppl who charge 5 cents and you can watch short films all day long
“Birth of a Nation,” D.W. Griffith (1915)	movie: romantic account of the South after the civil War
“Black Sox Scandal” (1919)	whitesox threw the world series. (they were paid to lose)
White collar	less physically demanding jobs, such as desk job.
Blue collar	physically demanding jobs, such as coal mining.
“Close to Shore” -1916	Book about the series of sharking attacks that occur. Which sparks the obsession over shark attacks – which is inspiration for the movie jaws.
Yellow journalism, William Randolph Hearst, Joseph Pulitzer	seen as something that is negative. It's journalism that praise on the most negative, sensationalistic, dirty kind of human interest. Considered a negative thing at the time.
Upton Sinclair, The Jungle (1906)	document immigrants going through poverty, losing jobs, no insurance, etc.
Henry George, Progress and Poverty (1879)	idea that wealth derived from land ownership was unfair. Solution: a single tax on all land. There began to spring up single-tax colonies around the country that tried to carry out his idea and make it into policy.
Single-tax	abolish all other tax and have tax on land because the profits that derived from land ownership were illegitimate, and that would solve societies problems.
Edward Bellamy, Looking Backward (1888)	says that when bostonian falls asleep in 1887 and wakes up in 2000, the cut-throat competition has been replaced by co-operation, a society that mankind has learned to co-operate instead of compete.
Louisa May Alcott, Little Women (1868-69)	The character Jo, rejected traditional norms for women, wanted to do things that are usually frowned upon women doing such as work, write, etc. Against arrange marriages.
F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby (1925)	wrote about fantastic displays of wealth (opulence). She spend $368,000 on a party in new york. Public is outraged by this because of the many ppl who are struggling just to get by. Her and her family had to flee the country.
Company unions	fake unions set up for the employees
Knights of Labor, Terrence V. Powderly	strong in 1880s, peaked around 1886 with 700,000 membors nation wide. Knights of Labor opened their membership to all who toil (actual “workers” so not bankers, lawyers, etc).
American Federation of Labor (AFL)	dominated by Gompers. Vision of labor called craft-based unionism.
“craft-based unionism”	membership was only eligible to the highly skilled crafts people. (not many immigrants, woman, blacks). Logic: if you let those ppl in it'll drag wages down.
Samuel Gompers	got involved in politics. Wouldn't pick either party. “We will reward our friends and punish our enemies”. What matters was if you were a friend of labor or not.
The Great Railroad Strike (1877)	began when workers wages were cut 10%. They struck, shutdown bultimore and st louis railroad. Tons of violence/death. State militias opened fire on workers and children when they blocked railroad crossings. (Rutherford B. Hayes)
Haymarket Square (Chicago, 1886)	in chicago. Haymarket becomes a huge blow to unions because it is an afl strike. They're asking for an 8 hour day. Tensions are high. Somebody throws a bomb (we aren't sure who).
Pinkertons	paid security to kill all the strikers (in brutal fasions).
The Pullman Strike (Chicago, 1894)	pullman company famous for railroad cars. The company cut wages 25% and increase cost of company housing by 25%. This sparked the strike. Pullman ppl were overly controlling.
American Railway Union, Eugene V. Debs	Debs is first socialist to run for president. Socialist, union guy. Strike spreads to 27 states. (Gets sent to prison eventually)
Peter Altgeld, governor of Illinois	he refuses to send in state militia. Which is big because this how they always stopped them (union riots). He has also pardened the homestead ppl for lack of evidence.
Who sends in 2,000 Us troops to crush the Pullman Strike?	Grover Cleveland
Reform Darwinism	These reform darwinists begin to argue against social darwinism. Reform Darwinism said things like labor unions were appropriately legitimate.
The Wisconsin School began to argue what?	that union served a legitimate purpose in society.
Thorstein Veblen (what did he believe?)	famous economist came up with conspicuous consumption. Wrote a lot about how capitalism is savage and primitive (uncontrollable/bad).
“conspicuous consumption”	ppl buy stuff not because they need it because they want to show off (make a statement to others).
Franz Boas (what did he talk about?)	talked about scientific racism that was rampant at the time.
Clarence Darrow (what did he believe?)	nurture of nature – the environment that they live in (such as:lack of opportunities/education, poverty) drives them to commit crime.
Pragmatism	the value that your getting is that value that you think your getting out of it. William James / John Dewey had this idea.
“Social Gospel”	says that ppl have a religious duty to more than just themselves and their money. Social good, justice, fairness, is what religious ppl should be fighting for.
Myth of the the “Self-Made Man”	that anyone can get rich in this country.
“Robber Barons”	take over american economy
Jay Gould (what did he say?)	“I can always hiring one half of the working class to kill the other working class” meaning ?
Calvinism	predestination (your future is determined)
Russell H. Conwell, “Acres of Diamonds”	it's your religious duty to get rich. He claimed that many rich ppl started as poor (which was false).
Horation Alger, the “Bootstrap Theory,” ‘pluck and luck”	Said that everybody could get rich. Stories about ppl who would begin to try, and would eventually get rich. With will power and hard work, anyone can become a self-made man.
Gilded Age	looked great, ppl making a lot of money, productivity, etc. the problem was, only a very very few ppl were actually making a lot of money, tons of ppl who were actually poor. Ppl weren't seeing much in return for their labor.
Henry Ford	price drops. In 1914, his model cost $950. by 1920 it's $290.
“Scientific Management” / “Taylorism”	division of labor. Pros: you slash labor costs (hiring less skilled people). straight disciple on the workers. No worker input. No forming of unions. Cons: workers are miserable (stressed/overworked).no pride in the end product.
Frederick Winslow Taylor	Taylorism named after him.
The Merger Movement	the merging together of businesses. Reason: competition. A lot of people become frustrated with competition. Merger movement is a way of ending cut-throat competition.
Vertical Integration	control process from top to bottom (buy up everything) e.g. ford producing it's own steal.
Andrew Carnegie, Henry Clay Frick	wags to riches story. He gave away a huge amount of his wealth.
Horizontal Integration	buy up everyone in competition with you. e.g. wells fargo buy out wachovia.
John D. Rockefeller	famous for saying that “competetion is the curse?” vertical integration – controlling the process from vertical.
J. P. Morgan & Rockefeller (what'd they do?)	Rockefeller and morgan were famous for buying bigger and bigger companies that were called trusts and combinations
Trusts and combinations	companies meet to agree on prices to avoid cut-throat competition.
Cowboy culture	rugged individualist. Did hard, dangerous work.
Owen Wister, The Virginian (1902)	romanticized cowboy culture
“Buffalo Bill” Cody	put together wild west shows that was taken from west to east.
Frontier	an escape/place to start over. (west) Star: Annie Oakley
What did Mark Twain write?	Tom Sawyer (1876) and Huckleberry Finn (1885)
Frederick Remington	known for his sculptures that depict the wild west
Who?: sick/weak person growing up. Decided what he needed was physical living, fresh air, etc. so he moved out west.	Teddy Roosevelt
Frederick Jackson Turner and the “Frontier Thesis” (1893)	he declared that the frontier was closed. Important because turner presented a view that america always needs a frontier. Many opportunities of freedom out west. Critics: joke. West benefitted from gov the most.
“treaty chiefs”	they tricked indians that you can convince to sign the treaty, to take their land. The people who signed the treaties were called this.
Indian Policies: Sovereignty	indian nation was it's own sovereign nation. There would be a permanent frontier west of the missouri river
Indian Policies: Concentration	taking a bunch of indians, moving them to a reservation.
Indian Policies: Reservations	each indian tribe will have it's own reservation.
Indian Policies: Assimilation—The Dawes Act (1887)	bring indians into white culture.
1867 Uprisings / Treaties of 1867	indians began to revolt.
Indian Wars: Little Crow	killed over 700 whites. Eventually they were subdued
Indian Wars: Black Kettle	chief assosiated with sand creek massacre.
Indian Wars: The Sand Creek Massacre and Col. J. M. Chivington	133 indians massacred JM Chivington.
Battle of Little Bighorn (1876): Sioux and Cheyenne	form a rare alliance. they didn't realize that their only way to conquor the whiteman was to ban together?
Chief Joseph and the Flight of the Nez Perce	took his tribe of 200 men 300 woman/older people. Took flight from idaho to canadian border.
Crazy Horse, Sitting Bull, Gen. George Armstrong Custer, 7th Cavalry	massive trap where every single troops were killed.
Wounded Knee (1890) --Sioux	one last holdout. Group of sioux. Tons of murders.
The Chiricahua Apaches -- 3 most important cheifs	Mangas Coloradas, Cochise, Geronimo
Caste System	anglos → spanish → mexican → pueblus → slaves, muladoes, mestizos, genizaros
“rugged individualism”	concept of doing it yourself. Being self-suffient. Nothing needed from anyone else/government (cowboys). Myth.
“Indian Territory”	Oklahoma
Plains Indians	warfare, chasing down buffalo herds (buffalo is useful in many ways)
Bison	used in many ways. Food, skin for teepees, bones for arrowtips, ligaments for bow strings.
Pueblo Indians	Make an alliance with the spaniards quickly, because they had traditional enemies. More settled more into farming.
Mulados	mixed blood, white and black
Mestizos	mixed blood. White and indian
Genizaros	Indian without a tribe
Gen. Stephen Kearny	important in new Mexico.
Taos Rebellion	Uprising of hispanics against anglos.
Californios	dominate society
Anglos	white people of European descent.
Barrios	ghetto areas
Juan Cortina Rebellion (1859-75)	carried out for a LONG time. Many hispanics wind up in barrios
Chinese “coolies”	indentured servants. (work to pay off debt) do well at first, very soon however there is much resentment. They're getting too wealthy
Central Pacific Railroad	at one point 90% of employees building this are chinese. Goal: railroad that will connect western coast to easter coast.
Homestead Act (1862)	encourages migration from the east to west. Federal gov gives you free acres of land if you agree to stay on it for 5 years.
Timber Culture Act, Desert Land Act, Timber and Stone Act	all these acts work with homestead act. Giving away more and more land if you stay longer.
A lot of tension between farmers and who?	ranchers
Civil War	was most destructive war. Almost 300,000 deaths. 1 in 5 Southern males died. 1 in 3 lost a limb. slavery is main cause of war. It is abolished after war.
Crop-lien system/ furnish system	place would go into debt with merchants. Disaster because if you couldn't make payment, debt overwhelms.
“40 acres and a mule”	40 acres was basic minimum amount of land needed to run a family. The idea of taking care of self.
Share cropping and tenancy	plantations were divided into partials and leased.
New South	south desperate for industry. They got money from North. South had a lot of ppl willing to work cheap. This is how they got business down south.
Convict-Lease System	Strictly southern. Barbaric system. Idea: instead of putting convicts in prison, make them slaves instead. Extremely unfair to convicts. Women protested to abolish this.
Charles Darwin, Origin of the Species	idea: there should be no attempt to approve status because nature intended you to be at your status. (Social Darwinsim)
“personal responsibility”	it's your own fault if your status is poor.

Created by: dbcc2607

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