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Anatomy #2
Anterior and Medial Thigh
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Objectives | |
| Anterior and Medial Thigh | |
| Anterior and Medial Thigh | |
| I. Skeletal components | |
| A. Os coxae (review) (Netter 474) | |
| B. Femur (Gray’s 6.57, Netter 477 | |
| 1. overview – The ? is the longest and strongest bone in the skeleton. | femur It transmits the weight of the body to the tibia and is so covered by muscles that only its upper and lower ends are palpable. |
| 2. identify and understand the significance of each of the following features: | |
| the line between the greater and lesser trochanter | intertrochanteric line ; where fibrous capsule of hip attaches |
| intertrochanteric crest is | posterior, larger raised ridge and capsule does not go so far |
| long ridge on posterior femur | linea aspera (medial and lateral lips) |
| lateral lip goes to greater trochanter to form | gluteal tub. For glut. Max |
| line to lesser trochanter give s | pectineal line |
| line from linea aspera to anterior is the | spiral lin |
| nutrient foramen is where main blood for | shaft of femur |
| medial epicondyle has the ? superior | adductor tubercle where add. Magnus attaches |
| intercondylar fossa is btwn. | medial lateral epicondyles |
| inferior extension of linea aspera forms the medial and lateral | supracondylar line |
| on the posterior inferior fossa have the | popliteal surface |
| 3. angle of inclination (Moore 5.7, B5.2) | is the angle between the axis of the femoral head and neck and the axis of the shaft. |
| The angle of inclination is large in ? | It changes with age, being large in youth and smaller in old age. |
| The average adult angle of inclination is | 126°, but tends to be smaller in females because the wider pelvis spaces out the acetabula more. |
| The angle of inclination allows for ? | greater flexibility at the hip joint. |
| A decrease in this angle (of inclination) leads to | coxa vara |
| Cox vara does what | coxa vara shortens the lower limb and limits abduction of the hip. |
| An increase in this angle leads to coxa valga which | lengthens the lower limb. |
| 4. angle of torsion (angle of declination) (Moore 5.7) – is the angle between the axis of the femoral neck and the transverse axis that passes through the | femoral epicondyles. |
| Normally this angle is about 12 -14°. | angle of torsion |
| Anteversion is an increase in the angle of torsion and leads to a | “toeing in” gate |
| retroversion is a ? of the torsion angle and leads | decrease; to a “toeing out” gate. |
| C. Patella (Gray’s 6.52) - The patella is a large | sesamoid bone |
| a sesamoid bone is a bone | within the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle. |
| The patella’s articular (posterior) surface has two facets for articulating with the | medial and lateral condyles of the femur. |
| The larger patella articulation is oriented | lateral |
| The patella functions to | to protect the knee joint and to improve the angle of approach of the quadriceps femoris tendon to the tibial tuberosity. |
| D. Proximal portions of leg bones (Netter 501) - The medial bone of the leg is the | tibia whose shaft flares out superiorly into medial and lateral condyles. |
| The proximal end of the anterior border of the tibia presents the | tibial tuberosity. |
| The fibula is the thin, lateral bone of the leg that has a knob-like ? that is surmounted by an apex. | head |
| Circumduction of hip combines | add., ext, flex, aBduction |
| Patella moves medial this is | internal rotation |
| In general, the anterior group of thigh muscles contains ? of the hip and ? of the knee and innervated by ? | flexors of the hip and s of the knee and is innervated by the femoral nerve. |
| The posterior muscle group contains ? of the hip and ? of the knee and innervated by the ? | extensors of the hip and flexors of the knee and is innervated by the tibial portion of the sciatic nerve. |
| The medial muscle group is formed by hip ? and is innervated by the | adductors and is innervated by the obturator nerve. |
| Muscles in the gluteal region are largely ? | abductors and lateral rotators of the thigh. |
| (Gray’s 6.57) –This is the bulky muscle on the anterior aspect of thigh? | quadriceps femoris |
| Its four heads have different origins, but they insert together via a common tendon. It is the strong extensor of the knee and is very important in stabilizing the knee in any position other than full extension. | quadriceps femoris |
| The quadriceps femoris tendon holds the | patella |
| (Netter 495) – The common tendon of the quadriceps femoris attaches to the base and medial and lateral borders of the | patella (superior part) |
| Tendinous fibers from the vastus medialis and lateralis muscles also expand over the sides of the knee capsule as the | medial and lateral patellar retinacula that insert into the proximal tibia. |
| The patellar ligament (also called ? clinically) | “patellar tendon” |
| The patellar ligament is the extremely strong, flat connective tissue structure that is the continuation of the quadriceps tendon to the | tibial tuberosity from the inferior border of the patella. (so inferior portion) |
| Quadriceps femoris is made up of | rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, (and some may include articularis genu) |
| a. rectus femoris – arises by ? heads. | two |
| The straight head of the rectus femoris is attached to the? | anterior inferior iliac spine |
| the reflected head of rectus femoris arises from | a point just above the margin of the acetabulum. |
| The two tendons of origin of rectus femoris combine into ? | a fusiform muscle belly. |
| besides extending the knee the rectus femoris | flexes the hip |
| The only head of quadriceps that passes the hip joint is | rectus femoris |
| The extensor of the knee is | quadriceps femoris |
| b. vastus lateralis – while it covers most of the lateral surface of the femur, it is separated from the bone by the underlying | vastus intermedius. |
| Vastus lateralis it arises mainly from ? | the posterior surface of the femur on and above the lateral lip of the linea aspera. |
| c. vastus medialis – arises from the lower portion of the | intertrochanteric line, the medial lip of the linea aspera, and the medial intermuscular septum. |
| d. vastus intermedius – lies ? to the other three parts of the quadriceps femoris. | deep |
| vastus intermedius arises from | It arises from an extensive portion of the anterior and lateral surfaces of the femoral shaft. |
| e. articularis genu (Moore 5.22) – is a small muscle that lies deep to the inferior part of the | vastus intermedius. |
| It arises from the distal, anterior surface of the femur and inserts into the suprapatellar bursa and this is a helpful fxn of the ? muscle b/c it can ? | articularis genu; it can retract during knee extension, presumably to prevent entrapment of the bursa between the patella and femur. |
| Genu = | knee |
| Bulge in thigh | patellar quadriceps tendon rips |
| Jumpers syndrome | weakened torn quadriceps/patellar lig. |
| Quadriceps contraction on fall is ? contraction | eccentric, the strongest contraction |
| Rupture of the quadriceps tendon is most common in people over ? while the patellar ligament rupture is usually seen in | 40, while patellar ligament rupture occurs more often in people under 40. |
| Quadriceps rupture injury frequently occurs during a forceful ? contraction of the quadriceps muscle, such as would occur if the knee where in a semi-flexed position with the foot planted when the quadriceps contracted strongly. | eccentric |
| Patient may has an inability (or greatly reduced ability) to extend the knee. | rupture of quadriceps or patellar tendons |
| This occurs because of vastus medialis weakness and tightness of the lateral retinaculum | subluxation, lateral deviation of patella |
| Patellar dislocation displaces the patella completely out of the | intercondylar groove |
| Pectineus (Gray’s 6.59, Moore 5.27) – is a flat, quadrangular muscle that forms the medial part of the floor of the | femoral triangle. |
| It arises from the pecten pubis and inserts into the | pectineal line of the femur |
| A real pecker of a kick that fella sure can hit the hacky sack using the pectineus to do what | It adducts and flexes the thigh. |
| C. Iliopsoas – As seen in the thigh, this muscle is a combination of the distal parts of two muscles, the iliacus and the psoas major. These muscles converge in a strong tendon that passes posterior to the ? and anterior to the ? | inguinal ligament and anterior to the hip joint capsule before attaching to the lesser trochanter. |
| It is a strong flexor of the thigh. | iliopoas |
| D. Sartorius (Netter 480, Moore 5.24, Gray’s Atlas pg 285) – is a long, strap-like muscle that crosses both the hip and the knee. It arises from the ? and inserts on the ? | ASIS and inserts on the upper medial surface of the tibial shaft (close to two other muscles, the gracilis and semitendinosus. |
| This trio of tendons forms the pes anserinus | gracilis, sartorius, semitendinosus |
| The pes | foot |
| Anserinus | goose |
| . The sartorius does what | flexes both the hip and knee and assists in lateral rotation, as well as abduction of the femur. |
| IV. Medial thigh muscles | |
| A. Overview (Moore 5.23) – All these muscles arise from the external surface of the pubic ramus | |
| and/or the ramus of ischium and are innervated by the obturator nerve. | medial thigh muscles |
| most medial thigh muscles fxn | Most of these muscles are adductors. |
| Medial thigh muscles are separated from extensor of the knee by | They are separated from the extensors of the knee by the medial intermuscular septum (at least distally). |
| The medial thigh muscles include | adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus gracilis, and obturator externus |
| (Gray’s 6.52, Atlas pg 285) – ? is the most anterior of the three adductor muscles. It lies in the same plane and just medial to the ? | adductor longus ; pectineus. |
| The adductor longus arises from the ? and inserts ?. This muscle fxns to ? | arises from superior ramus of the pubis and inserts by a thin, wide tendon into the middle 1/3 of the medial lip of the linea aspera. This muscle adducts the thigh and assists in its flexion. |
| C. Adductor brevis (Gray’s 6.52, Atlas pg 285) – This muscle lies deep to the | pectineus and adductor longus. |
| It originates from the body and inferior ramus of the pubis and it inserts into the lower 2/3’s of the pectineal line and upper half of the medial lip of the linea aspera. It adducts the thigh and weakly flexes it. | adductor brevis |
| D. Adductor magnus (Gray’s 6.60, Atlas pg 285) - The adductor magnus is a large, triangular muscle that is actually a combination of two muscles with differing | innervations. |
| It arises from the inferior pubic ramus, the ramus of the ischium, and from the ischial tuberosity. | adductor magnus |
| It attaches to the whole length of the linea aspera. | adductor magnujs |
| The uppermost fibers are horizontal and are sometimes called the adductor minimus. But this is still | adductor magnus |
| The most medial fibers of the main muscle (ischiocondylar portion) run vertically downward after arising from the ischial tuberosity and ultimately form a rounded tendon that ends on the | adductor tubercle. |
| On the adductor magnus the aponeurosis of insertion has openings adjacent to the femur for passage of the | perforating vessels. |
| This muscle is a powerful adductor of the thigh. | adductor |
| The adductor minimus portion of adductor may assist in ? of the thigh while the ischioconylar portion may ? the thigh | flexion of the thigh, while the ischiocondylar portion extends the thigh. |
| The inferior adductor magnus acts like a ? and is innervated by ? | hamstring and is innervated by the tibial sciatic |
| The more superior add. Magnus portion is innervated by the | obturator? |
| E. Gracilis (Gray’s 6.58) – Found on the medial side of thigh as a long, thin muscle. Arises from the ? and insert in the ? fxning to ?. | inferior pubic ramus and inserts into uppermost portion of shaft of tibia as part of the pes anserinus. It adducts the thigh and assists in flexing and medially rotating the leg. |
| The only medial muscle that flexes the knee is | gracilis |
| F. Obturator externus (Gray’s 6.60) – Lies deep to the origins of the adductor muscles. It arises from the external part of the | superior and inferior pubic rami, ramus of ischium and the external surface of the obturator membrane |
| Obturator externus inserts into? After passing posterior to the ? | trochanteric fossa after passing posterior to the capsule of the hip joint. |
| This muscle laterally rotates the thigh and is innervated by the obturator nerve. | obturator externus, (external rotation) |
| V. Femoral triangle | |
| A. Definition and location (Moore 5.25) – The femoral triangle is an intermuscular space in the | |
| upper 1/3 of the anteromedial thigh that lies deep to the | fascia lata. |
| B. Boundaries (Moore 5.25) | |
| 1. sides of the femoral triangle | the base is the inguinal ligament, the lateral border is the sartorius and the medial border is the adductor longus. |
| 2. floor of the femoral triangle | formed by the iliopsoas laterally and pectineus medially. These two muscles slope towards each other such that the floor forms a sulcus. |
| 3. roof of the femoral triangle– formed by fascia lata. | |
| C. Contents (Gray’s 6.42) of the femoral triangle are from lateral to medial | femoral nerve, femoral artery, femoral vein, deep inguinal lymph nodes and lymphatics. NAVL heads to the navel from the outer leg |
| D. Femoral sheath (Moore 5.28, 5.26, B5.16) | |
| 1. definition – The femoral sheath is a fascial sleeve formed around the proximal portions of the | femoral artery and vein by extensions of the fascial laminae that line the abdominal cavity. The sleeve fuses with the vascular fascia about 3 - 4 cm distal to the inguinal ligament. |
| The femoral nerve is not in femoral sheath | true |
| Transversalis and iliacus fascia form fascia for the | femoral triangle |
| The lateral compartment of the femoral sheath holds what | the artery |
| The most medial compartment of the femoral sheath is the ? and holds contains ? | femoral canal and contains the deep ing. Lymph nodes and lymphatics |
| The superior extent of the femoral canal is femoral ring | |
| Inguinal lig is anterior by ing. Ligament , lateral vein, posterior pectineal ligament, medial lacunar (fold of external abdominal oblique) | |
| Femoral ring get femoral hernial and life threateing for strangulation , more dangerours than direct inguinal | |
| 2. compartments – two septa pass between the anterior and posterior ? of the femoral sheath and thus form three compartments | lamina |
| a. lateral compartment of the femoral sheath contains the | femoral artery |
| b. intermediate compartment of the femoral sheath contains the | femoral vein |
| c. medial compartment of the femoral sheath contains the | femoral canal |
| a potential space that contains a slight amount of loose connective tissue and a few lymphatic vessels and the deep inguinal lymph nodes is the | femoral canal |
| The small, proximal abdominal opening of the femoral canal is called the | femoral ring. |
| Frequently, one of the deep inguinal lymph nodes (node of Cloquet or Rosenmüller) lies in the | femoral ring. |
| The boundaries of the femoral ring are the following: Lateral = ? Medial = ? , Posterior= ? and Anterior =? . | partition between the femoral canal and femoral vein, ; ? Medial = lacunar ligament ; Posterior = superior ramus of pubis covered by pectineus, Anterior = medial part of inguinal ligament |
| The femoral ring is the site of femoral hernias. These hernias are more common in ? b/c ? | females because of they tend to have a wider pelvis. |
| Because of ? of the femoral rings, herniated structures can become strangulated when their blood supply is compromised. | the rigidness |
| E. Femoral artery trauma - Cardiac catheterization to the left side of the heart is one of the causes of femoral artery | false aneurysm (pseudoaneurysm). |
| A pseudoaneurysm is a dilated artery with | disruption of one or more layers of the arterial wall (versus an aneurysm where the dilated artery has intact layers.) |
| The pseudoaneurysm can compress surrounding structures such as nerves and veins, leading to localized or radiating pain and impaired venous flow and edema. Additional complications from pseudoaneurysm include | emboli or thrombus formation, atriovenous fistulae, and infection. |
| Management of the pseudoaneurysm can include | close observation to await spontaneous healing, compression (either blind or ultrasound-guided), ultrasound-guided percutaneous thrombin injection, or open surgical repair. |
| VI. Adductor (subsartorial, Hunter's ) canal (Gray’s 6.41, 6.42, Atlas pgs 290 & 296) | |
| A. Definition – The adductor canal is an intermuscular tunnel which runs between the ? | extensors of the knee and adductors of the thigh muscles. |
| The adductor canal is roofed over by the ? and conducts the | sartorius; femoral vessels through the middle third of the thigh. |
| The adductor canal starts | where the sartorius crosses the adductor longus |
| The adductor canal ends at the upper limit of the adductor hiatus which is a ? | (a separation in the tendinous insertion of the adductor magnus). |
| Anterolateral boundary of the adductor canal is is the fascia of the vastus medialis. | |
| Posteromedially the boundary of the adductor canal is ? | is the fascia of the adductor longus and adductor magnus. |
| Anteromedial or superficial boundary of the adductor canal is ? | is the deep layer of the fascial sheath of the sartorius. |
| The main structures are the femoral artery and femoral vein, with the arterygenerally anterior to the vein. What is this | adductor canal |
| The saphenous nerve enters the adductor canal lateral to the vessels and then | crosses them anteriorly, and lies medial to them at the lower end of the canal. |
| Also found within the adductor canal is the nerve to the | vastus medialis. |
| Only the ? pass thru the adductor hiatus | femoral vein and artery pass through the adductor hiatus. |
| Saphenous nerve is a branch of the | femoral nerve |
| A. Femoral artery (Gray’s 6.62, Netter 488, 489)– The femoral artery begins immediately below the inguinal ligament as the continuation of the | external iliac artery. |
| After passing deep to the inguinal ligament, the femoral artery bisects the | femoral triangle. |
| It courses through the adductor canal and passes through the adductor hiatus, at which point it enters the ? and is termed the ? | popliteal fossa and is termed the popliteal artery. |
| superficial circumflex iliac artery – arises from proximal portion of the ? and passes ? | femoral artery ; passes laterally, parallel to the inguinal ligament toward the crest of the ilium to supply superficial structures. |
| superficial epigastric artery – arises from | proximal portion of femoral artery |
| this artery ascends anterior to the inguinal ligament as it passes with the superficial fascia towards the umbilicus to supply superficial structures. | superficial epigastric |
| c. superficial external pudendal artery – arises from the | medial aspect of the proximal femoral artery |
| courses anterior to the spermatic cord (round ligament) to supply the skin of the lower abdomen and of the perineum. | superficial pudendal |
| d. deep external pudendal artery – arises from the ? crossing the ? muscles. Supplies ? | arises from the medial aspect of the proximal femoral artery. It crosses the pectineus and adductor longus on its way to the perineum. To supply scrotum and labia major in part |
| e. muscular branches of the femoral artery supply ? anterior and medial thigh muscles. | |
| g. descending genicular artery – arises from the distal femoral artery within | the adductor canal. |
| It immediately divides into a saphenous branch and an articular branch to the knee. | the descending genicular artery |
| B. Profunda femoris artery (deep artery of thigh) (Netter 488, 489, Gray’s 6.63) is a large vessel arising from the lateral and posterior portion of the femoral artery, about ? inferior to the inguinal ligament. | 2-5 cm |
| 2. course – Initially, the profunda femoris lies ? to the femoral artery and then passes ? | lateral to the femoral artery. It then passes posterior to the femoral artery and vein. |
| It lies anterior to the pectineus and adductor brevis and passes posterior to the adductor longus on the medial side of the femur. It ends as the fourth perforating branch that pierces the adductor magnus near the femur. | profunda femoris |
| medial circumflex femoral artery usually arises from the medial aspect of the | profunda femoris artery. |
| The medial circumflex femoral artery passes at first between the ? muscles and then between ? muscles | pectineus and iliopsoas; obturator externus and adductor brevis muscles |
| the medial circumflex reaches the gluteal region by passing between the | quadratus femoris and the adductor magnus. |
| The medial circumflex artery supplies the | adductor compartment and gluteal muscles, and to the hip joint. |
| lateral circumflex femoral artery typically, from the lateral aspect of the | profunda femoris artery. |
| Lateral circumflex femoral artery passes laterally between the divisions of the ? and deep to the ? muscles | femoral nerve and deep to the sartorius and rectus femoris. |
| courses superiorly, deep to the tensor fasciae latae to the lateral aspect of hip. | the ascending branch of the lateral circumflex femoral artery |
| the transverse branch of the lateral circumflex femoral artery courses | – courses laterally and winds around the femur below the greater trochanter and participates in the cruciate anastomosis. |
| (3) descending branch of the lateral circumflex femoral off of profunda femoris artery courses inferiorly, deep to the ? and anterior to the ? to the ? where it participates in the genicular anastomosis | deep to the rectus femoris and anterior to the vastus lateralis to the knee where it participates in the genicular anastomosis. |
| Typically three branches leave ? artery and pass posteriorly close to the femur through perforations in the ? muscle | the profunda femoris ; adductor magnus muscle. |
| The termination of the profunda femoris artery is considered the | fourth perforating branch. |
| Perforating branches of the profunda femoris supply | supplies the adductor muscles, gluteus maximus, and posterior thigh muscles. |
| d. cruciate anastomosis – is formed by branches from four arteries around the hip joint. These vessels are the | inferior gluteal, medial and lateral circumflex, and first perforating arteries. |
| C. Popliteal artery (Gray’s 6.63) – continuation of the ? after it passes through the | femoral artery after it passes through the adductor hiatus. |
| Note on nomenclature: Anatomists consider the femoral artery to be the main vascular channel that spans from the inguinal ligament to the | adductor hiatus. |
| Clinicians sometimes talk about a ? artery close to the inguinal ligament. | common femoral |
| Clinician may say after the deep femoral artery branches off, ? is then termed the superficial artery. This nomenclature can be misleading and potentially dangerous since the femoral artery, and the femoral vein that accompanies it, are still | the main artery ; deep structures. |
| This part of the femoral vein is susceptible to deep vein thrombosis, a potentially life-threatening condition, that would not occur in a “superficial” vein. | the superficial vein (running deep w/ femoral artery or as clinician might say superficial) |
| D. Obturator artery (Gray’s 5.64, 6.64)– The obturator artery arises within the pelvis from the | internal iliac artery. The obturator artery passes on the lateral wall of the pelvis to the obturator canal which it passes through to reach the thigh. |
| Anterior branch of the obturator artery helps to supply the | obturator externus, pectineus, adductor muscles, and gracilis. |
| posterior branch of the obturator artery helps to supply the | hip joint and the muscles that attach to the ischial tuberosity. |
| Aberrant obturator can go over to the | deep femoral ring |
| Femoral vein (Gray’s 6.42, Moore 5.27) – forms as the continuation of the | popliteal vein. |
| Passes through the adductor canal and lies medial to femoral artery in the femoral triangle. | femoral veins |
| As it passes deep to the inguinal ligament, it becomes the external iliac vein ? | femoral Vein |
| profunda femoris vein – formed by the union | of perforating veins that correspond to the perforating branches of the profunda femoris artery. |
| medial and lateral femoral circumflex veins - typically run with the arteries and terminate in the | femoral vein. |
| great saphenous vein - typically enters the femoral vein | several centimeters below the inguinal ligament. |
| Common sites for DVT | The femoral, deep femoral, and popliteal veins are common sites for deep vein thrombosis (DVT) |
| DVT is predisposed to forming during | vascular stasis (e.g. due to limb immobility), injury to vessel wall (e.g. vessel trauma), or under hypercoagulability conditions (e.g.pregnancy). |
| DVT may produce | local pain, redness, and swelling. |
| A potentially lethal sequelae to DVT is | pulmonary embolism. |
| Obturator vein (Gray’s 5.66) – begins in the | adductor compartment of the thigh. |
| It enters the pelvis through the obturator canal and empties into the internal iliac vein. | obturator vein |
| A. Femoral nerve (Gray’s 4.158, Netter 526) origin and course – The femoral nerve arises from the lumbar plexus, from the | ventral rami of L2, L3, and L4. |
| The femoral nerve enters the thigh posterior to the inguinal ligament, deep to the ? where it lies on the surface of ? just lateral to the ? | deep to iliac fascia, where it lies on the surface of the iliopsoas muscle, just lateral to the femoral artery. |
| The femoral nerve then breaks up into a number | of muscular and cutaneous branches. |
| muscular branches of the femoral nerve head to | sartorius, quadriceps femoris, iliacus, and usually pectineus, (iliopsoas too) |
| cutaneous branches of the femoral nerve include | anterior femoral cutaneous and saphenous nerves (thru adductor canal), |
| articular branches of the femoral nerve are to | to hip and knee. Hilton’s law if innervates a muscle on joint, innervates joint as well) |
| B. Obturator nerve (Gray’s 6.35, Netter 487, Gray’s 6.18, 6.66) arises from anterior branches of | L2, L3, and L4. |
| The anterior branch of obturator nerve descends on the surface of the ?, deep to the ? muscles | adductor brevis, deep to the pectineus and adductor longus. |
| The posterior branch of this nerve descends posterior to the adductor brevis, under the deep fascia of the adductor magnus. | posterior branch of obturator nerve |
| muscular branches of obturator nerve are to | to adductor longus, gracilis, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, obturator externus (not internus) , and sometimes to pectineus, And gracillis (an exception ? huh) |
| articular branches of the obturator are | hip and knee joints, |
| variable cutaneous branches of the obturator go to | to medial aspect of lower thigh |
| C. Tibial nerve (Netter 528) is part of the ? and has ? spinal cord segments | sciatic nerve and has L4 - S3 spinal cord segments |
| The tibial nerve leaves the pelvis via the | greater sciatic foramen and passes inferior to the piriformis muscle. |
| The tibial nerve descends between the | greater trochanter and ischial tuberosity along the back of the thigh. |
| In the thigh, the tibial nerve innervates the | hamstring muscles which includes the ischiocondylar part of the adductor magnus. |
| X. Cross-sectional anatomy (Moore 5.41) | willing to put a small bet that this will be more important than all these flash cards |
| Iliopsoas attaches to the lesser trochanter and so is a strong hip flexor innervated by femoral | |
| The medial border of the femoral ring is | lacunar or Gimbernat’s ligament |
| What normally passes thru the adductor hiatus | femoral artery and vein |
| The pecten ligament forms what boundary of the femoral ring | medial inferior |
| In what structure are the nerve cell bodies that cause the gracilis muscle to contract | ventral horn |
| Lumbar sympathetic would go where ? | to arteries and wall |
| The muscle in the upper limb most analogous to quadriceps femoris is triceps b/c it is an extensor, upper limb rotates differently then lower limb | |
| The posterior division of the lumbar plexus is the | femoral nerve |
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