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APES Unit 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| edge effect | existence of a greater number of species and a higher population density in a transition zone between two ecosystems that in either adjacent ecosystem |
| native species | species that normally live and thrive in a particular ecosystem |
| nonnative/ exotic species | species that migrate into an ecosystem or a deliberately or accidentally introduced into an ecosystem by humans |
| indicator species | species that serve as early warnings that a community or ecosystem is being degraded |
| keystone species | species that play roles affecting many organisms in an ecosystem |
| intraspecific competition | two or more organisms of a single species trying to use the same limited resources in an ecosystem |
| interspecific competition | members of two or more species trying to use the same limited resources in an ecosystem |
| interference competition | situation in which one species limits access of another species to a resource, regardless of whether the resource is abundant or scarce. |
| resource partitioning | process of dividing up resources in an ecosystem so species with similar needs use the same scarce resources at different times |
| symbiosis | any intimate relationship or association between members of two or more species |
| parasitism | interaction between species in which one organism prey's on another organism by living on or in their host. |
| mutualism | interaction were both organisms mutually benefit from the relationship |
| ecological succession | process in which communities of plant and animal in a particular area are replaced over time by different more complex communities |
| primary succession | ecological succession in an area in which natural vegetation has been removed or destroyed, but the soil is not destroyed |
| biotic potential | maximum rate of which the population of a given species can increase when there are no limits on its rate of growth |
| intrinsic rate of increase | rate at which populations can grow if it had unlimited power |
| carrying capacity | max population of a particular species that a given habitat can support over a period of time |
| logistic growth | pattern in which exponential population growth occurs when the population is small, the small population growth decreases steadily with time as the population approaches carrying capacity |
| survivorship curve | graph showing the number of survivors in different age groups for a particular species |
| crude birth rate | annual number of live births per 1000 people in a population of a geographic are at the mid-point of a given year |
| crude death rate | annual number of deaths per 1000 in a population of a geographic area at the mid point of a given year |
| replacement level fertility | number of children a couple must have to replace them (in the US its 2.1) |
| life expectancy | average number of years a new born infant can be expected to live |
| infant mortality rate | number of babies out of 1000 born each year that die before their first birthday |
| family planning | providing information, clinical services and contraceptive to help people choose the number and spacing of children they wanted to have |
| what are the 3 most nutrient rich environments | tropical rainforest, coral reefs, and the deep sea |
| how do species diversity vary with 1) latitude in terrestrial communities, 2)ocean depth, 3) pollution in aquatic systems | 1most species diversity decrease steadily as they move from the equator 2diversity increases from the surface to 2000 meters, until sea bottom3decrease in species diversity and abundance in aquatic places with more pollution |
| what 2 factors determine the species diversity found on an isolated ecosystem such as an island? | size and degree of isolation |
| theory of biodiversity | the number of species found on an island is determined by 2 things 1. rate at which new species immigrate to the island. 2. the rate at which species become extinct. |
| what is the precautionary principle | when there is a scientific uncertainty around potentially, seriously harmful chemicals and technology, they take precautionary measures to help prevent harm towards humans and the environment |
| how can a population over shoot its carrying capacity? what are the consequences for doing so? | by using up all its resource base. the death rate increases while the birth rate decreases. this is called dieback or crash. this happens unless u move locations to were the resource is abundant or changes resources needed |
| distinguish between top-down control and bottom up control of a population | top down is where the predator eats to much of the prey killing off alot of the prey which then results in the population decrease of the predator. bottom up is when the prey dies off due to own causes killing off alot of the prey due to lack of food |
| list characteristics of r-selected | capacity for high intrinsic rate of increase |
| list characteristics of k-selected | puts fairly little energy into reproduction, tend to reproduce late in life, spend alot of time nurturing and protecting their young |
| why is replacement level fertility higher then 2 | because families often have more then 2 children while some have 2 and some have less. that is the average of all of them |
| what is the age structure of a population | it is the proportion of the population at each age level |
Created by:
michaelhammack