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AP Human Geography

Unit 3

Question	Answer
Adaptive Strategy	The unique way in which each culture uses it's particular physical environment; Those aspects of culture that serve to provide the necessities of life - Food, clothing, shelter, and defense	technology, ecology, demography, and economies that define human behavior	Could be also how someone or a group adapts to a culture.
Innovation Adoption	study of how why and at what rate new technology spreads throughout a culture
Animism	The belief in many religions that inanimate objects, such as hills, trees, rocks, rivers, and other elements of the natural landscape, possess souls and can help or hinder human efforts on Earth.	The belief that everything in the universe contains a living soul. The belief that every object is indwelt by a spirit.
Assimilation	The process through which people lose originally differentiating traits, such as dress, speech particularities or mannerisms, when they come into contact with another society or culture. Often used describe immigration adaptation new places of residence.	Examples are when the US tried to assimilate the indigenous people.	assimilation means to become the same as the main mass (you cannot be distinguished from anyone or anything else). Acculturation is getting used to the way people are,but not become just like everyone else.	you keep some of your original uniqueness yet (ideally) fit in as part of the total mix
Barrio (neighborhood) Barrioization	Defined by geographer James Curtis as the dramatic increase in Hispanic population in a given neighborhood; referring to barrio, the Spanish word for neighborhood.
Buddhism	founded in the 6th century BCE and characterized by the belief that enlightenment would come through knowledge, especially self-knowledge, elimination of greed, craving, and desire; complete honesty; and never hurting another person or animal.	Buddhism splintered from Hinduism as a reaction to the strict social hierarchy that protected the privileged and kept millions mired in poverty maintained by Hinduism.	Siddhartha Gautama found Buddhism. Became to be known as the Buddha.	Was born in northern India.
Built Environment	The part of the physical landscape that represents material culture, including buildings, roads, bridges, etc.	The phrase built environment refers to the man-made surroundings that provide the setting for human activity, ranging in scale from personal shelter to neighborhoods to the large-scale civic surroundings.
Cargo Cult	Cargo Cult's believe western goods have been traded to them by ancestral spirits. It takes place in Melanesia and is important HG concept because it's a big religious movement by a large number of people.	A cargo cult is a religious practice that has appeared in many traditional pre-industrial tribal societies in the wake of interaction with technologically advanced cultures.	The cults focus on obtaining the material wealth (the "cargo") of the advanced culture through magic and religious rituals and practices.
Chain Migration	Pattern of migration that develops when migrants move along and through kinship links (i.e. one migrant settles in a place and then writes, calls, or communicate through others to describe this place to family and friends who in turn migrate there).	Usually voluntary and functions to reunite families and cultures.
Christianity	religion based on the teachings of Jesus. According to Christian teaching, Jesus is the son of God, placed on Earth to teach people how to live according to God's plan.	Can be traced back to the same hearth in the Mediterranean as Judaism. Similar to Islam.	Split between Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodox. Eastern orthodox remains one of the 3 major branches of Christianity and experiencing a revival in former Soviet areas. The Roman Catholic Church claims the most adherents of all Christian sects.	Third major branch is protestantism. Challenged Roman Catholicism and authority of church. Christianity is the largest and globally most widely disbursed religion.
Confucianism	A philosophy of ethics, education, and public service based on the writings of Confucius and traditionally thought of as one of the core elements of Chinese culture.	Yin and Yang. For every good there is an evil. For every positive a negative.
Creole Language	A language that began as a pidgin language but was later adopted as the mother tongue by a people in place of the mother tongue.	Creole stems from a pidgin language formed in the Caribbean from English, French, and Portuguese languages mixed with the languages of African slaves.	Creole and Pidgin languages tend to be important in unifying forces in a linguistically divided world. The language became more complex and became the 1st language of the people in the region, replacing the African languages.	Creole-- a mother tongue that originates from contact between two languages Creole is a stable language that originates seemingly as a nativized pidgin	a language that results from the mixing of the colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated
Cultural Adaptation	new people adapt to the culture of the previously existing people. The transition of a varied cultural environment into one culture.
Cultural Appropriation	The process by which cultures adopt customs and knowledge from other cultures and use them for their own benefit.	This is major concern for local cultures because some aspects of cultural knowledge such as pharmaceuticals or musical expression are being privatized by people outside the local culture in order to get wealth and prestige.
Cultural Identity	Ones belief in belonging to a group or certain cultural aspect
Cultural Landscape	The visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape. The layers of buildings, forms, and artifacts sequentially imprinted on the landscape by the activities of various human occupants.	Placelessness	The loss of uniqueness of place in the cultural landscape so that one place looks like the next.
Cultural Realm	A collective of culture regions sharing related culture systems; a major world area having sufficient distinctiveness to be perceived as a set apart from other realms in terms of cultural characteristics and complexes.	A cultural realm is a geographical region where traits maintain homogeneity.The cultural traits are supposed to be the product of regional geographical circumstances.	Examples are There's Eastern Asia, Europe, and Africa	The entire region throughout which a culture prevails is called a culture realm or culture region. Any aspect of culture may be used to define a culture realm.	Criteria that may be chosen to define culture realms include religion, language, diet, customs, or economic development
Cultural Shatterbelt	a politically unstable region where differing cultural elements come into contact and conflict. Cultural clashes. for example, Indonesia with a background of multicultural, ethnicities and religions.	An area where people are caught between the globalization and modernization of their culture and their traditional cultural identity.	Example is Vietnam where modernization is taking place, but the old culture persists in rural areas.	Another is Lebanon. It is a Christian state surrounded by Islamic states and and Israel.	This term can be applied to any area where different cultural elements come into contact and create instability.
Culture Region	an area in which people have many shared culture traits	A cultural region is an geographical area that encompasses or seems to encompass a definite, specific culture or ethnic group.
Dialect	Local or regional characteristic of a language. While accent refers to the pronunciation differences of a standard language, a dialect, in addition to pronunciation variation, has a distinctive grammar and vocabulary.
Dowry Death	In the context of arranged marriages in India, disputes over the price to be paid by the family of the bride to the father of the groom (the dowry) have, in some extreme cases, led to the death of the bride.
Ethnic Cleansing	A purposeful policy designed by one ethnic group to remove by violent and terror-inspiring means the civilian population of another ethnic group from certain geographic areas.	The South African Apartheid is an example of ethnic cleansing--whites eliminated blacks from areas of South Africa that they wanted.	Israel's treatment of the Palestinians in Gaza.	Another is Bosnian Serbs killed thousands of Bosnian Muslims.
Ethnic Conflict	When two different ethnic groups vie for the same territory. type of conflict that occurs when different tribes are lumped together to form a country
Ethnic Enclave	a small area occupies by a distinctive minority culture.	An ethnic enclave is a term to describe immigrant groups which concentrate in a distinct spatial location, such as Chinatown.	is an ethnic community which retains some cultural distinction from a larger, surrounding area, it may be a neighborhood, an area or an administrative division based on ethnic groups.
Ethnic Group	Refers to a group of people who share a common identity	is a group of people whose members identify with each other, through a common heritage, often consisting of a common language, a common culture (often including a shared religion) and/or an ideology that stresses common ancestry or endogamy.[
Ethnic Homeland	s the concept of the place (cultural geography) to which an ethnic group holds a long history and a deep cultural association with —the country in which a particular national identity began
Ethnic Landscape	the spatial distribuions and interactions of ethnic groups and of the cultural characteristics on which they are based.	The landscape formed by the ethnicities living in that area i.e.)where chinese ethnic groups migrated - china town becomes part of landscape	area of land with the same culture
Ethnic Neighborhood	Neighborhood, typically situated in a larger metropolitan city and constructed by or comprised of a local culture, in which a local culture can practice its customs.	Examples are Hasidic Jews in Brooklyn, Italian American in North End of Boston.
Ethnic Religion	A religion that is particular to one, culturally distinct, group of people. Unlike universalizing religions, adherents of ethnic religions do not actively seek converts through evangelism or missionary work.	Adherents are born into the faith and converts are not actively sought. Tend to be spatially concentrated like the traditional religions in Africa and South America.	The only exceptional ethnic religion is Judaism, which is widely scattered as a result of forced and voluntary migrations.	Examples are Judaism, Hinduism, Zoroastrianism, and Shintoism.
Ethnicity	Affiliation or identity within a group of people bound by common ancestry and culture.
Ethnocentrism	conviction of the evident superiority of one's own ethnic group	making value judgments about another culture from perspectives of one's own cultural system.	The ethnocentric individual will judge other groups relative to his or her own particular ethnic group or culture, especially with concern to language, behavior, customs, and religion	This usually includes the arrogant belief that one's own ethnic group is the most important and/or that most or all aspects of personal culture are superior to those of all other ethnic groups.	Consider the views of Nazi Germany and the belief that Aryan culture is vastly superior to all others.
Folk Culture	Culture traits such as dress modes, dwellings, traditions, and institutions of usually small, traditional communities.	Homogeneous, small, typically rural, and cohesive in cultural traits, and static.	Cajun Creole Native American Mali Samoan Scottish Irish Vietnamese Mali Cambodian	Also the Amish People.
Popular Culture	Culture traits such as dress, diet, and music that identify and are part of today's changeable, urban-based, media-influenced western societies.	Are usually large, heterogeneous, urban, and always changing.
Fundamentalism	Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion (or a religious branch, denomination, or sect).	Based on literal interpretation of a holy book and urges strict behavioral guidelines to comply with the basic principles of a religion.	CHRISTIAN – A follower or believer in Jesus. FUNDAMENTALIST One who believes the Bible is literally true and must be followed exactly.	Sharia law of Islam.
Gender Gap	a measurable difference between the behaviors of men and women	gender refers to social differences between men and women (as opposed to biological differences); women outlive men in the vast majority of countries	(exceptions are some states in West and Southern Africa due to the AIDS epidemic, and parts of South Asia due to cultural beliefs of male dominance). Men are more likely to die younger due to comparably worse habits and higher levels of stress.	Dowry and patriarchal societies can count as well.
Geomancy (Feng-Shui)	Literally "wind-water". The Chinese art and science of placement and orientation of tombs, dwellings, buildings, and cities.	Structures and objects are positioned in an effort to channel flows of sheng-chi (life breath) in favorable ways.	Can be linked to Confucianism. Concerns maintaining proper relationships in life through the positioning of items to keep the flow of energy in harmony.	Still strong effect on China today.
Ghetto	During the Middle Ages, a neighborhood in a city set up by law to be inhabited only by Jews; now used to denote a section of a city in which members of any minority live because of social, legal, or economic pressure.	A ghetto is literally a poor or dangerous neighborhooda section of a city predominantly occupied by a group who live there, especially because of social, economic, or legal issues
Hajj	the Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca, the birthplace of Muhammad.	If physically and financially able, a Muslim makes a pilgrimage to Makkah. (Mecca) They usually make the trip around Ramadan. This pilgrimage is also referred to as Hajj. It is important because
Hinduism	One of the oldest religions in the modern world, dating back over 4000 years, and originating in the Indus river Valley of what is today part of Pakistan.	Hinduism is unique among the world's religions in that it does not have a single founder, a single theology, or agreement on its origins.	Vedas, (four texts that make up the sacred books of Hinduism).
Indo-European Languages	languages from the indo-european family. Spoken by half of the world's people, and includes, among others, the germanic, romance, and slavic subfamilies.
Infanticide	The act of killing an infant. Usually occurs to female babies if families cannot pay a future dowry.
Innovation	study of how, why, and what rate new technology spreads throughout a culture
Interfaith Boundaries	Boundaries between the world's major faiths.	Interfaith Boundaries are boundaries between religion and government. It is usually an agreement with a stated goal to protect faith and freedom by respecting individual rights.
Intrafaith Boundaries	Boundaries within a single major faith.
Islam	The youngest o the major world religions, Islam is based on the teachings of Muhammad, born in Mecca 571 CE.	According to Islamic teaching, Muhammad received the truth directly from Allah in a series of revelations during which Muhammad spoke the verses of the Qur'an (Koran), the Islamic holy book.	Universalizing. Many mosques have minarets which extend from the side of the mosque and reach Allah. The versatility of the minarets describes the relationship between Heaven and Earth.	Ramadan. Five Pillars. Sunni Muslims (great majority) and Shi'ite or Shiah Muslims(mostly in Iran) divide Muslims.
Isogloss	A geographic boundary within which a particular linguistic feature occurs. The boundary of a dialect.	the geographical boundary of a certain linguistic feature, such as the pronunciation of a vowel, the meaning of a word, or use of some syntactic feature.
Jainism	religion and philosophy originating in ancient India. Stresses spiritual independence and equality throughout all life. It affects HG because a lot of people believe in it in India.	Jains believe that animals and plants, as well as human beings, contain living souls. The supreme principle of Jain living is non violence (ahimsa).	Jains are strict vegetarians and live in a way that minimises their use of the world's resources.Jainism is a religion of self-help. There are no gods or spiritual beings that will help human beings.	Liberation is achieved by eliminating all karma from the soul.	Form of atheism. Religion based on non materialism.
Judaism	Religion with its roots in the teachings of Abraham (from Ur), who is credited with uniting his people to worship only one god.	According to Jewish teaching, Abraham and God have a covenant in which the Jews agree to worship only one God, and God agrees to protect his chosen people, the Jews.
Landscapes of the Dead	The certain areas where people have commonly been buried. This is important to human geography because it has always been important where people are buried
Language Family	collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history	PG 158-163
Language Group	collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocab	RD BOOK
Language Subfamily	divisions within a language family
Lingua Franca	A term deriving from "Frankish language" and applying to a tongue spoken in ancient Mediterranean ports that consisted of a mixture of Italian, French, Greek, Spanish, and even some Arabic.	Today it refers to a "common language", a language used among speakers of different languages for the purposes of trade and commerce.	A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages
Linguistic Diversity	the more different the language the more diferent the people that speak them
Longevity Gap	the difference in life expectancy between MDCs and LDCs	difference of average expected life spans between different groups of people, or nations or races, e.g longevity Gap between Men and Women of a particular type of people etc.	the difference of average expected life spans between groups of people, races, or nations
Maladaptive Diffusion	something diffuses to a place and its not valuable to them. A great example I learned is that Jeans are popular in the States.	Should that popularity diffuse to Russia where it is freezing cold then it really wouldn't serve them any purpose since jeans don't really keep you warm	Maladaptive diffusion is Diffusion of a process with negative side effects, or What works well in one region may not in another
Material Culture	The art, housing, clothing, sports, dances, foods, and other similar items constructed or created by a group of people.	Non-material Culture	The beliefs, practices, aesthetics, and values of a group of people.
Maternal Mortality Rate	Number of deaths per thousand of women giving birth.	is the death of a woman during or shortly after a pregnancy.	Number of deaths per 1,000 of women giving birth.	annual number of deaths of women during childbirth per 1,000 women
Monolingual	Countries in which only one language is spoken. Examples are Japan--Japanese Australia--English France--French	Multilingual	Countries in which more than one language is spoken. Examples are Switzerland, Switzerland--German, French, Italian, Romanch Canada--English, French Israel--Hebrew, Arabic Belgium
Monotheistic religions	Hinduism, Sikhism, Zoroastrianism, Baha'i, Islam, and Christianity.	Polytheistic religions	Could be Hinduism. Mostly monotheistic.
Mormonism	term used to describe religious, ideological, and cultural aspects of the various denominations of the Latter Day Saint movement. It is important because a lot of people around the world practice Mormonism.	Mormons are mostly in Utah in the U.S.
Muslim Population	It is the religion of 1.3 billion people in the world	Almost reaching 2 Billion adherents. It is the predominant religion of the Middle East from North Africa to Central Asia. Half of the world’s Muslims live in four countries outside the Middle East: Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and India.	It is important because Islam is one of the most popular religions practiced around the world.
Official Language	In Multilingual countries the language selected often by the educated and politically powerful elite, to promote internal cohesion; usually the language of the courts and government.	language adopted for use by the government for conduct of business and publication of documents	English is not official language of US. Many former African colonies have adopted English, French, or Portuguese as the official language.	Portuguese is language of Angola, English of Nigeria and Ghana, and French of Cote d'Ivoire.	In Philippines, English (mainly in Manila) and a creolized Spanish called Pilipino are both official languages. Swahili is of Kenya.
Pidgin	When parts of two or more languages are combined in a simplified structure and vocabulary.	form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocab of a lingua franca, used for communications among speakers of different languages
Plural Society	a society in which different cultural groups keep their own identity, beliefs, and traditions	a society combining ethnic contrasts: the economic interdependence of those groups	A society in which several ethnic groupings coexist, each living in communities or regions variously separate from the others.
Proselytic Religion	A religion that actively seeks converts and has the goal of converting all humankind.	Referred to as a Universalizing Religion, which is an attempt to be global, to appeal to all people etc
Race	race a categorization of humans based on skin color and other physical characteristics.	Racial categories are social and political constructions because they are based on ideas that some biological differences (especially skin color)	are more important than others (e.g., height, etc.), even thought the latter might have more significance in therms of human activity.	With its roots in sixteenth-century England, the term is closely associated with European colonialism because of the impact of the development on global understandings of racial differences
Religion	A system of beliefs and practices that attempts to order life in terms of culturally perceived ultimate priorities.
Religious architectural styles	These are the styles of architecture created by the religions. For example, Christians have always made temples, and Buddhists have always made a lot of religious statues.	This is important to human geography because these styles affected most of the future styles for other civilizations
Religious Conflict	this is the conflicts between religions. One of these is Israel-Palestine. This consists of Roman Takeovers, Muslim conquests, and the crusades. This affects human geography because there has been a lot of bloodshed over Religious Conflict.
Religious Culture Hearth	This is where most religions are born. Most major religons have come from the Middle East near Israel, but a few have come from India, too. This is important to Human Geography beacuse where religions are created, civilizations are, too.
Religious Toponym	This refers to the origin and meaning of the names of religions. This is important to Human Geography because many names mean significant things, including beliefs or cultures.
Sacred Space	Places sacred to certain groups
Shamanism	Community faith in traditional societies in which people follow their shaman-a religious leader, healer, and visionary.	At times, an especially strong shaman might attract a regional following. However, most shaman remain local figures.	term for a range of beliefs and practices relating to communication with the spiritual world	Shaman----- The single person who takes on the roles of priest, counselor, and physician, and acts as a conduit to the supernatural world in a shamanist culture
Shintoism	Religion located in Japan and related to Buddhism, Shintoism focuses particularly on nature and ancestor worship.	Battle between good and evil. Nature is divine. A person's ancestors play a vital role in in preserving the spirits associated with each item.	Numerous deities.
Sikhism	is a religion that began in sixteenth century Northern India and locate primarily between India and Pakistan today. The principal belief in Sikhism is faith in Vāhigurū.	The doctrines of a monotheistic religion founded in northern India in the 16th century by Guru Nanak and combining elements of Hinduism and Islam.
Sunni	Adherents to the largest branch of Islam, called the Orthodox or traditionalist.	they believe in the effectiveness of family and community in the solution of life's problems, and they differ from the Shiites in accepting the traditions (sunna) of Muhammad as authoritative	Shiites	Adherents of one of the two main divisions of Islam. Also known as shiahs, the Shiites represent the Persian (Iranian) variation of Islam and believe in the infallibility and divine right to authority of the Imams, descendants of Ali.
Taoism	Religion believed to have been founded by Lao-Tsu and based upon his book entitled "Tao-te-ching", or "Book of the Way".	Lao-Tsu focused on the proper form of political rule and on the oneness of humanity and nature.	Simplicity, spontaneity, tenderness, and tranquility. Lao tsu focused on the proper form of political rule and on the oneness of humanity and nature: people, he said, should learn to live in harmony with nature.
Toponymy	Place name. the study of place names. (e.g., San Diego or San Francisco indicate they were established by Spain due to their Spanish and Catholic connotations).
Universalizing	A belief system that espouses the idea that there is one true religion that is universal in scope. Adherents of universalizing religious systems often believe that their religion represents universal truths,	and in some cases great effort is undertaken in evangelism and missionary work.
Zoroastrianism	A monotheistic pre-Islamic religion of ancient Persia founded by Zoroaster in the 6th century bc. Sentence: There are not a lot of people that practice Zoroastrianism.	The few zoroastrianists are spreaded all around the world in some places including England, Australia, and Canada	Persian religion founded by Zoroaster; taught that humans had the freedom to choose between right and wrong, and that goodness would triumph in the end	Many believe that the monotheism of late Judaism , Christianity, and Islam can be traced to Zoroastrian influences.	Somewhere 3500 years ago, however, a monotheistic religion developed in Southwest Asia called Zoroastrianism.
Acculturation	the adoption of the behavior patterns of the surrounding culture. Its like A mix with B, but A still have its roots and can trace back to original culture.	Example is a granddaughter of a Chinese immigrant has gone to American schools and will now attend an American college.	She spends time primarily with her American friends, dresses as they do and shares their values and interests. She has become highly acculturated into American culture.
Cultural Core/ Periphery	core-periphery idea that the core houses main economic power of region and the outlying region or periphery houses lesser economic ties	Core The zone of greatest concentration or homogeneity of the culture traits that characterize a region.	based on the notion that as one culture expands in prosperity, it must engulf regions nearby to ensure ongoing cultural success. The area of high cultural growth becomes known as the core, and the neighboring area is the periphery	Cores and peripheries can be towns, cities, states, or nations.When city grows in popularity, it must expand its borders to continue to supply the population with the standard of living they are used to .	Traditionally, the inner city core will first expand to areas of geographic similarity; for instance, a neighboring town may find itself becoming a suburb of the city.

Created by: yankees

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