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PsYTeST3!!!
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| .______________ is an active system that receives information from the senses, organizes and alters it as it stores it away, and then retrieves the information from storage | memory |
| The set of mental operations that people perform on sensory information to convert that information into a form that is usable in the brain’s storage systems is called | encoding |
| __________ is the act of holding onto information for some period of time | storage |
| ____________ is the act of getting information that is in storage into a form that can be used | retrieval |
| The_is model of memory that assumes information that is “more deeply processed,"or processed according to its meaning rather than just the sound or physical characteristics of thewordorwords, will be remembered more efficiently,for a longer period of time | levels of processing model |
| The ________________ is a model of memory in which memory processes are proposed to take place at the same time, over a large network of neural connections | parallel distribution processing model |
| The first stage of memory or the point at which information enters the nervous system through the sensory systems is called | sensory memory |
| The ______________ model of memory assumes the processing of information for memory storage is similar to the way a computer processes memory, in a series of stages | information processing model |
| 9. ______________ is the memory system in which information is held for brief periods of time while being used | short-term memory |
| 10. _________________ is the system of memory into which all the information is placed to be kept more or less permanently | long-term memory |
| Visual sensory memory lasting only a fraction of a second is called | iconic memory |
| The _______________ is a method used to study short term memory by having a subject report one row of letters at a precise time following the presentation. | partial report method |
| is the ability to focus on only one stimulus from among all sensory input | selective attention |
| is the process of regrouping material in memory in order to combine smaller pieces into one larger unit | chucking |
| If you practice saying some information to be remembered over and over in your head in order maintain it in short-term memory, you are engaged in | maintenance rehearsal |
| is a method of transferring information from STM to LTM by making that information meaningful in some way | elaborative rehearsal |
| is a type of long-term memory including memory for skills, procedures, habit and conditioned responses | procedural memory |
| is a type of long-term memory containing information that is conscious and known | declarative memory |
| is a type of declarative memory containing general knowledge, such as knowledge of language and information learned in formal education | semantic memory |
| _________________ is a type of declarative memory containing personal information not readily available to others, such as daily activities and events | episodic memory |
| is memory that is not easily brought into conscious awareness, such as procedural memory | implicit memory |
| is memory that is consciously known, such as declarative memory | explicit memory |
| 23. A stimulus for remembering is called a | retrieval cue |
| The tendency for memory of information to be improved if related information (such as surroundings or physiological state) available when the memory is first formed is also available when the memory is being retrieved is called | encoding specificity |
| 25. The ability to retrieve information more readily when a person is in the same emotional state they were in when the information was learned is called | state dependent learning |
| is the type of memory retrieval in which the information to be retrieved must be “pulled” from memory with very few external cues | recall |
| is the ability to match a piece of information or a stimulus to a stored image or fact | recognition |
| is the tendency of information at the beginning and end of a body of information to be remembered more accurately than information in the middle of the body of information. | serial position effect |
| _ is the tendency to remember information at the beginning of a body of information better that the information that follows | primacy effect |
| is the tendency to remember information at the end of a body of information better than the information ahead of it. | recency effect |
| is the type of automatic encoding that occurs because an unexpected event has strong emotional associations for the person remembering it. | flashbulb memory |
| The _______________ is a graph showing a distinct pattern in which forgetting is very fast within the first hour after learning a list and then tapers off gradually. | curve of forgetting |
| Failure to process information into memory is called | encoding failure |
| Loss of memory due to the passage of time, during which the memory trace is not used is called | decay |
| A memory retrieval problem that occurs when older information prevents or interferes with the retrieval of newer information is called | proactive interference |
| A memory retrieval problem that occurs when newer information prevents or interferes with retrieval of older information is called | retroactive interference |
| are the changes that take place in the structure and functioning of neurons when an engram is formed. | consolidation |
| ____is a disorder characterized by severe memory loss. | amnesia |
| 39. _____________ is loss of memory from the point of some injury or trauma forward, or the inability to from new long-term memories | anterograde amnesia |
| The inability to retrieve memories form much before age three is called ___________. | infatile amnesia |
| __________________ is the most common form of dementia in elderly people | Alzheimer's disease |
| A person’s awareness of everything that is going on around him or her at any given moment is known as | consciousness |
| ______________________ is the state in which thoughts, feelings, and sensations are clear, organized, and the person feels alert | waking consciousness |
| _________________ is the state in which there is a shift in the quality or pattern of mental activity as compared to waking consciousness | altered state of consciousness |
| A cycle of bodily rhythm that occurs over a 24-hour period is called | circadian rhythem |
| _____ is the stage of sleep in which the eyes move more rapidly under the eyelids and the person is typically experiencing a dream | rapid eye movement (REM) sleep |
| Any of the stages that do no include REM are called | non-REM sleep |
| 7. _________________ are brain waves that indicate a state of being awake and alert. | betat waves |
| ___________ are brain waves that indicate a state of relaxation or light sleep | alpha waves |
| 9. Brain waves that indicate the early stages of sleep are called | theta waves |
| _______________ are long, slow waves that indicate the deepest stage of sleep | delta waves |
| An involuntary muscle twitch that often occurs during the transition from wakefulness to sleep is called a(n) ______________. | hypnic jerk |
| 12. ________________ are bursts of brain wave activity seen on the EEG during Stage 2 sleep | sleep spindles |
| 13. An episode of moving around or waking around in one’s sleep during the deep sleep of Stage 4 non-REM sleep is called | sleep walking (somnambulism) |
| __________________ is a relatively rare disease in which the person experiences extreme fear and screams or runs around during deep sleep, without waking fully. | night terrors |
| Increased amounts of REM sleep after being deprived of REM sleep on earlier nights is called ______________________. | REM rebound |
| 16. Bad dreams occurring during REM are called | nightmares |
| _________________ is a rare disorder in which the mechanism that blocks the movement of the voluntary muscles fails to function, allowing the person to thrash around and even get up and act out nightmares. | REM behavior disorder |
| 18. The inability to get to sleep, stay asleep, or get a good quality of sleep is called ______________ | insomnia |
| 19. _______________ is a sleep disorder in which the person stops breathing for nearly half a minute or more during sleep. | sleep apnea |
| _____________ is a sleep disorder in which a person falls immediately into REM sleep during the day, without warning | narcolepsy |
| Mental activity that goes on in the brain when a person is organizing and attempting to understand information and communicating information to others is | cognition |
| _____________ is the process of cognition that occurs when a goal must be reached by thinking and behaving in certain ways | problem solving |
| 23. The tendency for people to persist in using problem-solving patterns that have worked for them in the past is called ____ | metal set |
| A problem solving method in which one possible solution after another is tried until a successful one is found is called | trail and error |
| 25. _______________ are very specific, step-by-step procedures for solving certain types of problems. | algorithms |
| 26. _________________ are a general strategy that may help narrow down the possible solutions to a problem. Also known as a “rule of thumb. | heuristic |
| 27. ___________________ is when the solution to a problem comes suddenly; also known as an “aha moment. | insight |
| 28. A block to problem-solving that comes from thinking about objects in terms of only their typical functions is called _________ | functional fixedness |
| 29. ___________ is the tendency to search for evidence that fits one’s beliefs while ignoring any evidence that does not fit those beliefs. | confirmation bias |
| The process of solving problems by combining ideas or behavior in new ways is called ____________________. | creativity |
| 31. _______________ is a type of thinking in which a problem is seen to have only one solution, and all lines of thinking will eventually lead to that single answer using previous knowledge and logic. | convergent thinking |
| 32. _______________ is a type of thinking in which a person starts from one point and comes up with many different ideas or possibilities based on that point. | divergent thinking |
| The basic units of sound in a language are _______________. | phonemes |
| 34. ____________ are the smallest units of meaning within a language | morphemes |
| 35. ____________ is the system of rules by governing the structure and use of language. | grammar |
| 36. The system of rules for combing words and phrases to form grammatically correct sentences is ____________. | syntax |
| 37. _____________ are the aspects of language involving the practical aspects of communicating with others, or the social “niceties” of language | pragmatics |
| 38. ______________ is the theory that thought processes and concepts are controlled by language | linguistic relativity theory |
| 39. _______________ is the theory that concepts are universal and influence the development of language. | cognitive universalism |
Created by:
batman1162