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PsYtest2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| _________________ allows us to receive information from the world around us. | Sensation |
| 2. Outside stimuli activate _________ that convert the outside stimulus into a message that our nervous system can understand-electrical and chemical signals. | Sensory receptors |
| __________ and ______________ were two pioneers in the study of sensory thresholds | Ernst Weber; Gustav Fechner |
| Weber studied the smallest difference between two stimuli that a person could detect 50% of the time. He called this the | Just noticeable difference (jnd) |
| The fact that the jnd is always constant is known as | Weber’s Law |
| Fechner investigated the lowest level of a stimulus that a person could detect fifty percent of the time. He called this level the | Absolute threshold |
| 7. ________________ and _______________ are two methods our body uses to ignore unchanging information | Habituation; Sensory adaptation |
| Light enters your eye through the _________________, which protects your eye and helps to focus the light, and then travels through a hole in your iris, called the | Cornea; pupil |
| The ____________ is a group of muscles that control the size of the pupil | Iris |
| The light then passes through the ______, which focuses the light and travels through the vitreous humor in the middle of your eyeball to reach the __________ at the very back of the eye | Lens; Retina |
| The _____________ suggests that there are three types of cones, red, green and blue, that combine to produce sensation of color. This theory cannot explain certain visual phenomena such as the | Trichromatic theory; Afterimage |
| A different theory of color perception known as the __________ states that cones are arranged in pairs with a red-green pair and a blue-yellow pair. Only one member of the pair can fire at one time | Opponent-process theory |
| After light is converted to an electrical-chemical signal by the rods and cones, the message travels out of the eye through the | Optic nerve |
| __ is caused by defective cones in the retina and can be one of three types | Color blindness |
| Our sense of hearing, the _____________________, is activated by the vibrations of molecules in the air that surrounds us. These vibrations are called sound waves | Auditory system |
| We respond to three features of sound waves: ________corresponds to the frequency of the wave, ____________ is determined by the amplitude of the wave, and ___________ refers to the purity of the wavelengths | Pitch; Volume; Timbre |
| Sound waves enter the auditory system through the _______________, vibrate the ____________, which causes the _________, ______________, and ___________ to vibrate | Pinna; Eardrum; Hammer; Anvil; Stirrup |
| The vibrations of the stirrup cause the __________________ to move back and forth, which causes the fluid in the ________________ to vibrate | Oval window; Cochlea |
| The fluid causes the ________________ to vibrate which causes the ___________ to move up, and this causes the _______________ to bend. | Basilar membrane; Organ of Corti; Hair cells |
| _______________ states that pitch is determined by the place on the organ of Corti that is stimulated | Place theory |
| The _____________ suggests that the speed of vibrations of the basilar membrane determine the pitch heard by the person | Frequency theory |
| The _____________ suggests that hair cells take turns firing in a process called volleying | Volley principle |
| ________________ occurs from damage to the eardrum or the bones of the middle ear | Conduction hearing impairment |
| ______________ is caused by problems in the inner ear or in the auditory pathways and cortical areas of the brain | Nerve hearing impairment |
| Ordinary hearing aids are designed to assist with conduction hearing impairment, where as ____________can be used to restore some hearing for people with nerve hearing impairment | Cochlear implants |
| _________ is the interpretation of sensation and seems to follow some basic principles, although individual and cultural differences in perception have been recorded. | Perception |
| One principle is that of __________ which means we tend to view objects as the same ______, ___________, and ___________ even if the sensations we are receiving from our sensory systems are not constant in terms of those features | Perceptual constancy; Size; Shape; Brightness |
| Gestalt principle include : ___________, ________________, _________________, ____________, _____________, and ______________. | Figure-ground relationships; Closure; Similarity; Continuity; Contiguity; Proximity |
| Visual cues for depth that require the use of one eye are referred to as ______________ and include ______________, ________________,____________________, ________________, ______________,_____________, and | Monocular cues; Linear perspective; Relative size; Overlap; Aerial perspective; Texture gradient; Motion parallax; Accommodation |
| Visual cues that use two eyes are called ____________ and include ______________ and ________________. | Binocular cues; Convergence; Binocular disparity |
| An ______________ is a perception that does not correspond to reality | Illusion |
| Some famous illusions include the ___________________, the moon illusion and illusions of motion | Mueller-Lyer illusion |
| In addition to cultural and individual differences, perceptions can be influenced by ________________ or expectancies | Perceptual sets |
| One example of perceptual expectancy is __________________ and occurs when a person uses preexisting knowledge to fit individual features into an organized whole. | Top-down processing |
| If there is no expectancy to help organize information, a person might use __________ to build a complete perception by making sense of the smaller features piece by piece | Bottom-down processing |
| There are three aspects to our experience of light. _ is determined by the height, or amplitude, of the wave. | Brightness |
| There are three aspects to our experience of light. __, or hue, is determined by the length of the light wave | color |
| There are three aspects to our experience of light. __, or purity, is determined by the mixture of the wavelengths of varying heights and lengths | saturation |
| Your eye contains two types of sensory receptors, the _______, which detect brightness of light and send information about the levels of black, white, and shade of gray. | Rods |
| Your eye contains two types of sensory receptors, the ________, that transmit information about color and produce images with very high acuity. | cones |
| A relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience or practice is known as ________________ | learning |
| ______________ was a Russian physiologist who first described the phenomenon now known as classical conditioning | Ivan Pavlov |
| ___________ is a naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary response | unconditioned stimulus |
| Learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the effect is called | classical conditioning |
| _____________ is an involuntary response to a naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus | unconditioned response (UCR) |
| A stimulus that has no effect on the desired response is called a ______________. | neutral stimulus (NS) |
| _________ is a stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned reflex response by being paired with the original unconditioned stimulus | conditioned stimulus (CS) |
| A learned reflex response to a conditioned stimulus is called a | conditioned response (CR) |
| In classical conditioning, _________ is the repeated pairing of a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus in order to produce a conditioned response | acquisition |
| ______________ is the tendency to respond to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response | stimulus generalization |
| In classical conditioning, _________ is the disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the removal or absence of the conditioned stimulus | extinction |
| ______________ is the reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred | spontaneous recovery |
| _______________ is an emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli, such as fear of dogs or the emotional reaction that occurs when seeing an attractive person. | conditioned emotional response |
| Classical conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person is called ______________ | vicarious conditioning |
| _________ is the development of nausea or an aversive response to a particular taste because that taste was followed by a nausea reaction, occurring after only one association | conditioned taste aversion |
| The learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses is called | operant conditioning |
| ________________ discovered the ______________ which states that if a response is followed by pleasurable consequences, it will be repeated and if followed by unpleasant consequences, it will tend not to be repeated. | Edward Thorndike: Law of Effect |
| The strengthening of a response that occurs when that response is followed by a pleasurable consequence is called | reinforcement |
| A _______________ is any event or object that, when following a response, increases the likelihood of that response occurring again | reinforcer |
| Any reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need, such as hunger, thirst, or touch is called a | primary reinforcers |
| Any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer is called a | secondary reinforcers |
| _______________ is the reinforcement of a response by the addition or experiencing of a pleasure stimulus | positive reinforcement |
| _________________ is the reinforcement of response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus | negative reinforcement |
| The reinforcement of simple steps in behavior that lead to a desired, more complex behavior is called | shaping |
| ______________ is the reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred | spontaneous recovery |
| The reinforcement of each and every correct response is called | continuous reinforcement |
| The reinforcement of some, but not all, of the correct responses is called | partial reinforcement |
| A ________________ is the timing of reinforcement for correct responses | schedule of reinforcement |
| A schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is always the same is called | fixed ratio |
| A schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is different for each trail or event is called | variable ratio |
| A _______________ schedule of reinforcement is one in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is always the same | fixed interval |
| A _______________ schedule of reinforcement is one in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is different for each event | variable interval |
| ____________________ is any event or object that, following a response, makes that response less likely to happen again | punishment |
| The punishment of a response by the addition or experiencing of an unpleasant stimulus is called | punishment by application |
| The punishment of a response by the removal of a pleasurable stimulus is called | punishment by removal |
| ___________________ is the use of operant conditioning techniques to bring about desired changes in behavior | behavior modification |
| The type of behavior modification in which desired behavior is rewarded with tokens that can then be used to acquire items of value is called | token economy |
| The learning model that focuses on the mental processes required for the acquisition of new behaviors is | cognitive learning |
| Learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful is called | latent learning |
| _________________ is the tendency to fail to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past | learned helplessness |
| The sudden perception of relationships among various parts of a problem, such as an “a-ha” experience, allowing the solution to the problem to come quickly is called _____________________. | insight learning |
| _______________ is a type of learning in which a new behavior is acquired by watching a model perform that behavior | observational learning |
Created by:
batman1162