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Cogs 17 midterm #3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Type of receptor cells in Vestibular System | Hair cells |
| Ion, when not allowed to enter cell, changes receptor's polarity | K+ |
| Changes in velocity and orientation alter this kind of firing rate | Spontaneous response |
| Where receptors respond to head tilt via gravity-induced deformation by crystals | Otolith ("ear stone") organs |
| Three fluid-filled tubes that detect changes in angular acceleration | Semi-circular canals |
| Effect when visual and/or motor feedback is inconsistent with vestibular info | Motion sickness |
| Cranial nerve (#) shared with audition | 8th cranial nerve |
| Class of receptors that respond to temp, pain, itch, and hair follicle movement | Free nerve endings |
| Receptors in "free nerve endings" class that responds to "noxious" (potentially damaging stimuli | Nociceptors |
| Class of receptors that respond to touch and internal movement | Encapsulated Nerve Endings |
| Detection of internal movement of muscles and organs | Proprioception |
| Type of response by encapsulated nerve endings (graded or action?) | Action Potential |
| Process by which one type of receptor is fatigued, showing its role in coding | Across Fiber Coding / Selective adaptation |
| Nucleus of thalamus in somatosenosry pathway | Ventral Posterior Nucleus |
| Path for pain and temperature info to brain, crossing over in Spinal Cord | Spinal Thalamic |
| Path for touch and internal motion info to brain, crossing over in brainstem; myelinated pathway | Medial Lemniscal |
| When damage to one side os pine results in diff losses on ipsi- vs. contra-lateral sides | Brown-Sequared Syndrome |
| Location of primary projection area (S1) for somatosensory info | Parietal cortex |
| Name of topological map of body surface found in parietal cortex | Penfield Map |
| Parts of body that fill disproportionate areas of this map | Magnification Factors; hands/mouth |
| Neurotransmitter released by pain receptors and other cells in pain pathway | Substance P |
| Theory concerting the top-down blocking of pain info entering brain | Gate Theory |
| Midbrain area that is probably the source of this blocking | Periaqueductal Grey Area (PAG) |
| "endogenous morphines" released by Periaqueductal Grey Area (PAG) | Inhibitory endorphins |
| Type of inter-neuron in spine that responds to inhibitory endorphins | Touch receptors |
| Opiate agonist that reduces analgesic effects of morphine and acupuncture | Naloxone |
| Type of muscle, made of parallel fibers, attached by tendons to bones | Striate muscle |
| One type of striate muscle that moves bone toward body, in antagonistic pair with .. | Flexor |
| ... other type of straite muscle that moves bone away from body | Extensor |
| Where neuron releases NT that depolarizes muscle fiber cells > contraction | Neuro-Muscular Junction |
| Neurotransmitter released by effector neurons to contract muscles | Acetylcholine (ACh) |
| The contractile unit of a muscle fiber | Sacromeres |
| Sacromeres consist of: thick protein filament with knobby bead-like cross bridges along it | Myosin |
| Sacromeres consist of: thin braided protein filament, anchored to muscle, that myosin hook into and tighten | Actin |
| A proprioceptor that detects passive stretch of a muscle | Spindle |
| Passive stretch, mono-synaptic reflex that contracts muscle to counter passive stretch | Stretch reflex |
| A reflex triggered by tendon organs detecting excessive contraction in muscle | Golgi reflex |
| A reflex triggered by pain detectors, rapidly removing skin from source of pain | Pain withdrawal reflex |
| Reflexes, such as "rooting" or "grasping," found in newborns | Infant reflex |
| Area of cortext that includes body map, sends movement commands to Stem and Cord | Primary motor cortex |
| Location of primary motor cortex | Precentral Gyrus |
| Anterior to frontal lobe, active during preparation to move, receives esp from visua-spatial areas | Premotor cortex |
| Secondary Motor Cortex includes cells that respond to image of self, or other ,performing familiar manual task | Mirror cell system |
| Lateral area to secondary motor cortex that plans articulation, helps generate grammatical sentences (esp in left hemisphere) | Broca's area |
| Dorsal to Premotor cortex, also active during prep, esp for rapid movement, receives from parietal lobe | Supplementary motor cotex |
| Fast, crossing paths from pyramids in cortex esp for precise control of peripheral moves | Cortical-spinal tracts |
| Cortico-spinal tracts stop at this midbrain strucutre on the way from cortex to medulla and cord | Red Nucleus |
| Mainly ipsilateral pathways for posture and gross movement of neck, shoulders, and trunk | Ventro-medial tract |
| "Little brain" involved esp in coordinated movement requiring aiming and timing | Cerebellum |
| Movements that occur very rapidly and generally cannot be altered once begun | Saccades |
| "Telephone poles" in cerebellar cortex that help code time as distance | Purkinje Cells |
| "Wires" in above whose action potentials release excitatory NT | Parallel Fibers |
| Central areas that receive from "telephone poles" and send output to brain/cord | Deep nuclei |
| Set of forebrain structures controlling posture, muscle tone, and smooth movement | Basal ganglia |
| Movement impairment, marked by rigidity, tremors, etc, from degeneration of ... | Dopaminergic axons |
| Midbrain structure whose dopaminergic axons synapse in Basal Ganglia | Substantia Nigra (Tegmentum) |
| Precursor of Dopamine, crosses barrier, converted by neurons into dopamine | L-Dopa |
| EEG while awake/active, 18-24Hz, very high freq, very desynchronized | Beta Activity |
| EEG while awake, relaxed, 8-12 Hz, like Beta but somewhat more synchronized | Alpha Activity |
| EEG during sleep 1, 4-7 Hz, lower freq, still quite irregular, more synchronized | Theta Activity |
| EEG during sleep 3(&4), < 4 Hz in less (&more) than 50%, very low freq. very high voltage, very synchronized | Delta Activity |
| During sleep 2, 2 types of intermittent bursts of high freq or voltage, as brain settles into deeper sleep | Spindle & K Complex |
| Another term for Sleep 3 & 4, low frequency EEG and highly synchronized activity | Rapid Eye Movement (REM) |
| Another term for REM due to its contradictory nature (active, desynchronized brain by paralyzed body) | Paradoxical Sleep |
| Condition in which pons suppresses motor signals sent to cord so muscle action prohibited | Atonia |
| Sequence of activation in Pons -> (Lateral) Geniculate -> Occipital Cortex that initiates dream sleep | PGO Wave |
| Excitatory NT released by PGO wave to desynchronize brain | Acetylcholine (ACh) |
| Duration (# minutes) of one sleep cycle through stages 1,2,3,4,3,2, "dream" sleep | 90 minutes |
| condition after sleep deprivation in which system attempts to enter "dream" sleep more freq | Red Deprivation |
| location in hypothalamus of circadian clock | Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN) |
| "time giver," a stimulus, such as bright sunlight, that can reset circadian clock | Zeitgeber |
| Path of optic nerve collateral that connects special visual receptors in eye directly to clock | Retino-hypothalamic path |
| gland that produces a hormone that impacts on hypothalmus to increase sleepiness | pineal gland |
| horomone producced by pineal gland that can be taken as a sleep aid | Melatonin |
| Forebrain structure (anterior & dorsal to hypothalamus) that modifies arousal in cortex | Basal Forebrain |
| NT released by basal forebrain that increases cortical arousal | Acetylcholine (ACh) |
| NT released by above that decreases cortical arousal | GABA |
| Chemical that builds up in cells, released as NT, inhibits release of ACh, promotes sleepiness | Adenosine |
| Stimulant that blocks receptors for above, allowing continued cortical arousal | Caffeine |
| Nucleus of hypothalamus critical in initiating sleep (also assesses & regulates body temp) | Suprachiasmatic Nucleus |
| Structure in pons whose functions include shutting off REM | Raphe Nuclei |
| NT released by Raphe Nuclei; very low in Slow Wave Sleep, very high at end of REM | Serotonin (5HT) |
| "Net" from medulla and pons, for widespread arousal of forebrain esp thalamus and basal forebrain | reticular formation |
| 2 NT released by reticular formation to alert brain | Acetylcholine & Gutamate |
| "Dark Blue Place" - an arousal center, active during new tasks, vigilance, memory formation | Locus Coeruleus |
| NT released by Locus Coeruleus, absent during dreams; amphetamines are antagonsists for this NT | Norepinepherine (NE) |
| Effects of reproductive hormones on anatomy | Organizing effects |
| Effects of reproductive hormones on behavior | Activating Effects |
| Sex chromosomes typical in females (determines gender) | XX |
| Sex chromosomes typical in males (determines gender) | XY |
| Systems of ducts in fetus that become part of reproductive organs of males | Wolffian ducts |
| Systems of ducts in fetus that become part of reproductive organs of females | Mullerian ducts |
| a male hormone, produced by testes, responsible for development of male anatomy and behavior | testosterone |
| another male hormone that inhibits development of female system of internal ducts | anti-mullerian hormone |
| Enzyme produced by "switch" on male chromosome that leads to the development of gender | Testis Determining Factor (TDF) |
| Condition in which genetic-male fetus does not respond to male hormones and thus develops as a female | Androgen insensitive |
| Condition in which fetus lacks Y chromosome, develops internally and externally as infertile female | Turner's syndrome |
| female hormone (similar to testosterone) that, once inside fetal cells, promotes male development | Estradiol |
| Chemical in fetal blood that prevents mother's hormones from entering fetal cells and masculinity fetus | Alpha-fetoprotein |
| area of hypothalamus with receptor sites for female hormones, esp active during female sexual behavior | Medial Preoptic area (MPOA) |
| medial preoptic area includes this nucleus which is 2.5x larger in males than in females | Sexually dimorphic nucleus (SDN) |
| This is apart of sexually dimorphic nucleus (SDN) that is smaller in both females and homosexual males | INAH3 |
| area of hypothalamus with receptor sites for female hormones, esp active during female sexual behavior | ventro-medial hypothalamus (VPN) |
| fibers connecting cortical hemispheres which is thicker in females, who are thus less lateralized | corpus callosum |
| hormones released by hypothalamus causing anterior pituitary to release its reproductive hormones | Gonadotrophin-releasing hormones (GnrH) |
| Two gonadotropic hormones that stimulate development and behavior in both genders | Lutenizing Hormone (LH) & Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) |
| male hormone released by female adrenal glands, stimulates secondary hair growth and sexual behavior | Androstenedione |
| Area near basal forebrain associated with the sensation of sexual pleasure | Nucleus Accumbens |
| NT released by above area in response to sexual stimulation | Dopamine |
| Hormone released by posterior pituitary at time of orgasm | Oxytocin |
| Hormone released by anterior pituitary for refractory period in males and milk production in females | Prolactin |
| part of tegmentum active especially in females during sex | Ventral-medial hypothalamus (VMH) |
| NT released by Ventral medial hypothalamus (VMH), including to suppress potential for pain | Endorphins |
Created by:
hungaryhippo