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AP Literature Vocabu
Poetic Devices
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Denotation | the explicit or direct meaning or set of meanings of a word or expression |
| Connotation | the associated or secondary meaning of a word or expression in addition to its explicit or primary meaning: A possible connotation of “home” is “a place of warmth, comfort, and affection.” |
| inversion | Reversal of the normal order of words, typically for rhetorical effect but also found in the regular formation of questions in English |
| Repetition | The action of repeating something that has already been said or written |
| Simile | A figure of speech involving the comparison of one thing with another thing of a different kind, used to make a description more emphatic or vivid (e.g., as brave as a lion, crazy like a fox) |
| Metaphor | A figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable |
| Personification | The attribution of a personal nature or human characteristics to something nonhuman, or the representation of an abstract quality in human form |
| Allusion | An expression designed to call something to mind without mentioning it explicitly; an indirect or passing reference |
| Apostrophe | An exclamatory passage in a speech or poem addressed to a person (typically one who is dead or absent) or thing (typically one that is personified) |
| Paradox | A statement or proposition that, despite sound (or apparently sound) reasoning from acceptable premises, leads to a conclusion that seems senseless, logically unacceptable, or self-contradictory |
| Hyperbole | Exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally |
| Couplet | stanza consisting of two successive lines of verse; usually rhymed |
| Synecdoche | A figure of speech in which a part is made to represent the whole or vice versa, as in Cleveland won by six runs (meaning “Cleveland's baseball team”) |
| Oxymoron | A figure of speech in which apparently contradictory terms appear in conjunction (e.g., faith unfaithful kept him falsely true) |
| Understatement | a statement that is restrained in ironic contrast to what might have been said |
| Litotes | understatement for rhetorical effect (especially when expressing an affirmative by negating its contrary); "saying `I was not a little upset' when you mean `I was very upset' is an example of litotes" |
| Irony | The expression of one's meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite, typically for humorous or emphatic effect - “Don't go overboard with the gratitude,” he rejoined |
| Italian Sonnet | a sonnet consisting of an octave with the rhyme pattern abbaabba, followed by a sestet with the rhyme pattern cdecde or cdcdcd |
| English Sonnet | Shakespearean sonnet: a sonnet consisting three quatrains and a concluding couplet in iambic pentameter with the rhyme pattern abab cdcd efef gg |
| meter | The rhythm of a piece of poetry, determined by the number and length of feet in a line |
| Free Verse | Poetry that does not rhyme or have a regular meter |
| Scanning | Analyze the meter of (a line of verse) by reading with the emphasis on its rhythm or by examining the pattern of feet or syllables |
| Rhyme Scheme | The ordered pattern of rhymes at the ends of the lines of a poem or verse |
| Iambic Pentameter | a line with five feet in each of which the iamb is dominant |
| Masculine End Rhyme | A rhyme of final stressed syllables (e.g., blow/flow, confess/redress) |
| Feminine End Rhyme | A rhyme between stressed syllables followed by one or more unstressed syllables (e.g., stocking/shocking, glamorous/amorous.) |
| Internal Rhyme | A rhyme involving a word in the middle of a line and another at the end of the line or in the middle of the next |
| Exact Rhyme | A perfect rhyme -- also called a full rhyme, exact rhyme, or true rhyme -- is when the later part of the word or phrase is identical sounding to another. |
| Approximate Rhyme | Rhyming in which the words sound the same but do not rhyme perfectly |
| Alliteration | use of the same consonant at the beginning of each stressed syllable in a line of verse; "around the rock the ragged rascal ran" |
| Onomatopoeia | The formation of a word from a sound associated with what is named (e.g., cuckoo, sizzle) |
| Assonance | In poetry, the repetition of the sound of a vowel or diphthong in nonrhyming stressed syllables near enough to each other for the echo to be discernible (e.g., penitence, reticence) |
| Iambic Meter | a foot consisting of an unaccented and accented syllable. |
| Trochaic Meter | a metrical foot containing two syllables--the first is stressed, while the second is unstressed |
| Dactylic Meter | a metrical unit with stressed-unstressed-unstressed syllables |
| Spondaic Meter | a metrical foot consisting of two long syllables, as determined by syllable weight in classical meters, or two stressed syllables |
| Anapestic Meter | (of a metric foot) characterized by two short syllables followed by a long one |
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