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Chapter 14 lec Blood
A& P Lecture
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Major functions of Blood include | transports nutrients, oxygen, wastes and hormones: helps maintain the stability of the interstitial fulid and distributes heat |
| Describe the general characteristics of blood | Blood is a type of connective tissue whose cells are suspended in a liquid extracellular matrix. Blood is vital in transporting substance between body cells and the external environment promoting homeostasis. |
| The major functions of blood include _______ | Nutrient, hormone, oxygern, and waste transport helping maintain the stability of interstitial fluid Heat distribution ANSWER: ALL OF THE OBOVE |
| fORMED ELEMENTS IN BLOOD ARE________,_______, AND ________. | Red Cells, White Cels and and platlets, |
| Distinguish among the formed elements of blood and the liquid portion of blood | includes red blood cells and white blood cells. Also contains cellular fragments called blood platelets. the clear, straw-colored plasma is a complex mixture of water, amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, hormones, elecrolytes and celul |
| Define hematocrit | percentage of cells and liquid in the blood sample can be calculated. is usually bout 45% |
| Explain how hemotocrit is determined | white blood cell & platelets 1%, remaining blood sample 55% is the clear, straw colored plasma |
| The liquid portion of the blood is called ________. | Plasma |
| Indicate where blood cells differentiate. | Blood cells originate in red bone marrow from hematopoietic stem cells can divide to give rise to specialized cells & more stem cells. |
| Explain the blood cells differentiate process. | Hematopoietic stem cells divide new cells myeloid and lymphoid stem cells secrete growth factors that turn on some genes and turn off others. |
| Describe a red blood cell | tiny about 7.5 unin diameter, biconcave discs, thin near the center & thick around their rims. |
| Describe the orgin of red blood cells | Originate in red bone marrow from hematopoietic stem cells. |
| Term: red blood cell count. | number of red blood cells in a microliter of blood is called red blood count |
| Explain the significance of red bood cell counts. | an increasing # of circulating red blood cells increases the blood's oxygen carying capacity so changes in this number may affect health. |
| Blood cell ytpical range for adult male, female and child. | adult males - 4,600,000 to 6.200,000. Female-4,200,000-5,400,000 children-4,500,000-5,100,000 |
| Life cycle of red bood cells | 120 days it travels through the body about 75,000 times. Are removed from circulation each day, yet # remains the same these #'s suggest a homeostatic control of the rae of red blood cell production |
| What ____________ mechanism using hormone erythropoietin controls the rate of red blood cell formation. In response to prolonged oxygen deficiency. | Negative Feedback Mechanism |
| From where is Erthropoietin released? | From th kidneys and to a lesser extent from the liver. |
| Summerize the control of red cell formation. | Negative Feedback mechanism using hormone Erthropietin-the amount of oxygen delivered to th tissues intialy decreases, oxygen drops trigger release erythropoietin(EPO) travels via the blood to the red bone marrow and stimulstes increased EPO |
| Contrast oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin | Oxyhemoglobin, Compund formed when oxygen binds to hemoglobin ( is bright red when h2o is released. Deoxyhemoblobin, Hemoglobin that does not bind oxygen. |
| Explain how vitamin B`12 and folic acid deficiencies affect red blood cell production. | B 12 Required for DNA synthesis necessary for growth & dividion of cells.(Intrinsic factor to absorb)Iron is required for hemoglobin synthesis (absorbed from small intestin) |
| Distinguis between biliverdin and bilirubin | Biliverdin, heme further decomposes into iron and a greenish pigment. Bilirubin excreted in bile as bile pigments |
| Distiguish between granulacytes & agranulocytes | Granulocytes- Leukocyte with granules in its cytoplasm. Agranulacytes - those without cytoplasmic granules |
| types of granulocytes | Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils |
| types of agranulocytes | monocytes, lymphocytes |
| 5 types of white blood cells (1) | Neutrophils- fine cytoplasmic granules purple w/acid base stain, older is lobed consists of 2 to 5 sections(segs) Young (called bands) nuclei are c-shaped, 1st at infection, phagocytize bacteria, fungi. 54%-62% adult sample |
| 5 types of white blood cells (2) | Eosinophils-contain coars uniformly sized cytoplamic granules, stain deep red/acid stain nucleus has 2 lobes, allergic reactions defend against parasitic worm infestation. 1%-3% circulating leukocytes |
| 5 types of white blood cells (3) | Basophils/similar to eosinophils coarse uniformly sized have fewer irregularly shaped cytoplasmic granules/stain deep blue in basic stain/migrate to damaged tissues release histamine promotes inflammation/heparin inhibis blood clotting |
| 5 types of white blood cells (4) | Moncytes/largest blood cell/2to3 times in diameterthan red blood cells/nuclei r spherical/kidney-shaped/oval or lobed/leave bloodstream become macrophages bacteria/dead cells/debris in tissues. 3%-9% of leukocytes |
| 5 types of white blood cells | lymphocytes/slightly Lg.than erythrocytes/lg. spherical nucleus surrounded by a thin rim of cytoplasm/major lymphocytes r T cells & B cells(immunity)/attack microorganisms/tumor cells/transplanted cells/B cells produce antibodies/52-33%/circul.leukocytes |
| _______ are fragments of megakoryoctyes that function in ________ | Platelet or thrombocytes/red bone marrow |
| The most abundant componet of plasma is | Water |
| Three tyes of plasma protein | Albumins/globulins/fibrinogen |
| Function of albumins protein | smalles of plasma protein 60% by weight/synthesized in the liver/important determinant of osmotic pressure of the plasma |
| Function of Globulins | 36% of the plasma protein. Subdividions Alpha/Beta/Gamma globulins/liver synthesizes alph & beta gobulins/transport lipids, fat soluble vitamins/lymphatic tissue/gamma globulins type of antibody |
| Function of Fibrinogen | 4% of plasma protein/primary role blood coagulation/synthesized in the liver/largest of plasma protein |
| Name the gases and nutrients of plasma | Gases-oxygen & carbon dioxide. Nutrients-amino acids/simple sugars/nuclietides/lipids/cholestrol/phospholipids(not water soluable) carried in plasma by joining w/protein |
| Define nonprotein nitrogenous substances, and name those commonly present in plasma | Molecules that contain nitrogen atoms but are not proteins. In plasma-amino acids, urea,uric acid, creatine and creatinine. |
| The most abundant plasma electrolytes are _______ and ________ | Sodium and chloride |
| Name several plasma electrolytes | Sodium-calcium-chloride-phosphate-potassium-magnesium-bicarbonate-sulfate ions |
| _______ is the term for stoppage of bleeding | Hemostasis |
| Explain how blood vessel spasm is stimulated following an injury | Cutin or breaking a smaller blood vessel stimulates the smooth muscles in its wall to contract, called vasospasm. |
| Platelets adhering to form a plug may control blood loss from a _______ break but a larger break may require a ______ to halt bleeding | Injured tissue/turnicate |
| Name a vitamin required for blood cloting | Vitamin K |
| Distinguish between fibrinogen and fibrin | major event in blood clot formation is conversion of the soluble plasma protein fibrinogen (factor 1) into insoluble threads of proten fibrin |
| Describe the major steps leading to the formation of a blood clot | Coagulation may occure extrinsically or inrinsically relase of biochemicals from broken blood vessesl or damagedtissures trigger the extrinsic. the absence of tissue damage stimulates the intrinsic clotting mechanism. |
| Indicate the trigger and outline the steps for extrinsic clotting | triggered when blood contacts damaged blood vessel walls or tissue outside blood vessels.Steps factor III thromboplastin assoc w/disrupted cell membranes/activates factor x/combines w/factor V/Factor II prothrombin(alpha globulin) liver produces/prothromb |
| Intrinsec clotting mechanism | Blood contacts foreign surface/hageman factor XII/factor XI/Factor VIII/Factor X/Factor V/ |
| Serum | The blood clot shrinks, pulling the edges of the broken vessel closer together & squeezing a fluid called serum |
| Distinguish between a thrombus and an embolus | Thrombus- a blood clot abnormally forming in a vessel. Embolus-a clot that dislodges or a gragment of a clot that breaks loose and is carried away by the blood flow is call an |
Created by:
linlew