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Sociology of Deviant
Sociology of Deviant Behavior Exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Essentialism (Positivism) | Deviance can be examined through scientific means (Empiricism, Objectively and Determinism) |
| Constructionism | How deviance is conceptualized, defined and represented? And how all of those are enacted |
| Positivist Theories | Anomie, Strain Theory, Differential Association, Social Control Theory, Self-control Theory |
| Constructionist Theory | Labeling (Interactionist Theory), Conflict Theory, Feminism and Controlology |
| Anomie | (Durkheim) The absence of social of norms creates a state of normlessness also as anomie. Where the absence of norms creates deviance (However, does not account for deviance within a society with widely accepted normative values) |
| Strain Theory | (Merton) Where the strict adherence to society creates deviance. Because of a disjunction between goals and means (i.e. Conformist, Innovators, Ritualist, Retreatist, and rebels) PROBLEM: is the focus on economic values to be the main cause for deviance |
| Differential Association | Crime and deviance for that matter are learned through face to face interactions because of increase in favorable definitions for violation of the law as opposed to unfavorable ones. PROBLEM:vague and not all deviance learned. |
| Social Control Theory | Establish through societal bond. 4 elements of social control: Attachment, Commitment, Involvement and Belief |
| Self-control Theory | Deviance comes from low self-control and ineffective parenting. 3 factors: unsurpervised children/ low parental attachment 2. Parents do not recognize deviant behavior 3. Parents have no proper sanctions for deviant behavior |
| General Strain Theory | (Agnew) Other factors beside economic: 1. Failure to achieve positive goals 2. Removing Positive Stimuli 3. Introducing negative stimuli 4. Negative Affective States` |
| Labeling theory | Addresses the reasons why some people are labeled deviant compared to others and who creates the labels |
| Re-integrative Shaming | Severe punishment stigmatizes people, identifies conditions which lead to stigmatization, successful shaming as a means of rehab. *Creates a negative self-image |
| Conflict Explanations | Law is not a societal reflection & laws are not passed/enforced to protect all of society only the interest of the ruling few (ex: Saints and Roughnecks) |
| Feminist Theory | Consistency with cinflict perspective, focuses on Andocentric biases. 3 general issues: 1. Only view male gender perspective 2. A separate entity (Shoplifting, Mental Illness) 3. Hidden Victims (Female Liberation explanation) |
| Feminist Critique of Deviance | Joel Best: Patriarchal vs. Chivalry Hypothesis, Focus on Victimization broader definitions, gender norms, Females are punished much harder, large official data from female deviants |
| Looking-Glass Self (Reflexivity) | stating that a person's self grows out of society's interpersonal interactions and the perceptions of others. |
| Deviance vs. Crime | Crime: has formal sanctions to punish those that go against the norm where as Deviance as a whole is mostly a focus on the informal sanctions with little to do with formal sanctions Legal Violations vs. Normative Violations |
| Types of Property Crime | Larceny, Burglary and Motor Vehicle Theft |
| What are the Rates of Property Crime | Accounts for 9 out of 10 index crimes are property crimes, Only 5% commit 70% of property crime in the US. Larceny reported but largely undereported as well, Burglary Mostly un-reported, MVT most likely to be reported |
| What are reasons for property crime? | The Stratification of wealth and the need/desire for monetary gain or valuables. Often flourishes where societal conscience has diminished |
| What are the reasons for the decline in property crime since the 1970s? | economic improvement, harsher punishments for crime, and the legalization of abortion |
| What are some types of Violent Crimes | Murder, Forcible Rape, and Robbery |
| What are the rates of each violent crime? | Murder is the least common Index Crime, Forcible Rape is the most under-reported (has sharply declined since the early nineties), Robbery very rare crime a quarter of all robberies are not reported to the police |
| What are the 11 generalizations of Murder? | 1. Media/Public distortion (nature of murder vs. Public view)2. Most are "Heat of the moment"3.Justified as vindication 4. Greater the intimacy the greater the chance of death 5. Homogeneity of victims and offenders 6. Murders are intraracial |
| 11 generalizations continued | 7. blacks are over represented 8. Poor are over-represented 9. Men more likely to kill 10. Rates vary greatly from countries & societies 11. In Western World there is a huge drop in lethal violence |
| Extreme Deviance Definition | Statistically atypical phenomena |
| What are the 3 reasons to study Extreme Deviance? | 1. Secondary versus Primary Deviance 2. Effectiveness of dramatic examples 3. Greater challenge to emphasize - more challenging to explain why |
| APA-DSM-IV definition of Pedophilia as a Mental illness? and it's flaw? | recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors involving sexual activity with a prepubescent child or children (13 or younger). Excludes offender in late adolescence (17 cant be an offender, by APA) |
| Who is the MORAL ENTREPRENEUR? | Creates or enforces the notions of right and wrong, official (lawmakers) or unofficial (parents) |
| Durkin and Hundersmarck definition of Pedophile, Pederast, and Child Molester? | Pedophile: Sexual preference for children, Pederast: adult male sexually attracted to boys, Child Molester: an actual behavior |
| What are the Three types of child molesters? | 1.Situational/regressed: environmental factor (mental capacity of the offender, drug or alcohol use) 2.Preferential/fixated: more likely to offend over a long period, 3. Mysoped: get the most pleasure from harming the children |
| Resulting problems of Molested Children? | Sleep disorder, fear, anxiety, depression, low-self esteem, poor academic performance, aggressive behavior and/or inappropriate sexual acting out |
| Who is NAMBLA? | North American Man-Boy love Association: face strong consensus that their attitudes/behaviors are deviant |
| How does NAMBLA normalize their behavior? | They stress the advantages the Child-Man relationship, stress the ahrm of the sexual activity is due to outside forces like the law, and that the condemnation of pedophilia is often unjustified (Denial of Injury, Appeal to higher loyalties, etc.) |
| What are the Beliefs of White Supremacists? and their Philosophy? | Devious values/beliefs - have an inherent view of superiority / ethnic cleansing / anti-semitism / sympathy for nazi dealings. Rely on intra-cultural values and community for recruiting |
| What are the White Supremacist Groups? | KKK: Oldest and widely recognized Neo-Nazis: Fascist movement WP Skinheads: youth, street violence WS Patriot Movements: Nationalistic/militant |
| What is the Southern Poverty Law Center? | Non-profit civil rights organization aimed at tracking and exposing racist and hate groups (they provide advocates for people that cannot afford them against said groups and free education) |
| Donald v. United Klans of America | Case in which the SPLC severely crippled the clan movement, they are still paying for their loss today (litarally) |
| W.A.R/Metzger Case | White Aryan Race case in which the Metzger family was sued for the killing of an Ethiopian man. The SPLC won for a verdict of $12.5 million |
| Substance Abuse | the use of any drug or medication for a reason other than intended or in a manner other than directed which can lead to clinically significant impairment or distress |
| Substance Addiction | Physical and/or psychological dependence on a drug or medication |
| What are reasons for analyzing Drug/Alcohol as Deviance? | 1.excessive use and inability to perform expected roles 2.Effects Highly associated with other types of deviance 3.Consumption hasn't always been legal/illegal 4.Issues of harm with alcohol and illicit drugs 5.Youthful consumption as especially deviant |
| What are Blue Laws? | State by state laws that prohibit the sale and distribution of alcohol on sundays |
| What are the classifications of drugs? | Stimulants, Narcotics, Sedatives, Hallucinogens, and Unclassified |
| Positivist View of Drug use | Why do some people use (or not use) drugs? examines both causes and consequences and drug use as a covariate with other deviance |
| Social Constructionist View of Drug use | Why are certain drug users still considered deviant? Racism and drug decriminalization? Illicit drug deaths vs. Legal Drug Deaths? |
| Rates and trends of Alcohol? | Most Popular Psychoactive, Strong correlation to IPV, Car Fatalities, Child Abuse, crime and Violence |
| Co-variation of Drugs and Alcohol with Deviance? | Alcoholism peaks later in life compared to illicit drug use, Higher SEC=increased odds of consumption, Lower SES=more likely to abstain, BUT if consume, then more likely to drink deviantly & have neg. outcomes, Whites=highest levels overall |
| Binge Drinking | Consumption of 5 or more (woman 4 or more) drinks within a few hours. |
| Heavy Drinking | binge drinking at least 5 days out of thirty |
| Episodic High risk drinking | infrequently drinking a large quantity of alcohol in a short period of time |
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