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heart
| question | answer |
|---|---|
| what is necessary for maintaining homeostasis? | continual circ of blood throught the body |
| ___ is essentinal to maintain blood circulation | pumpin action of hte heart |
| if the hear fails to pump adequate volumes of blood, cells are? | deprived of o2 and nutrients, waste accumulase and cell death occurs |
| hear beats about __X per minute in male | 75 |
| cardiac outpus | amoun of blood pumperfrom on ventricle per minute |
| hear can increase its output _______ when the body is more active | five or six fold |
| cardiovascular system consists of? | hear and bv |
| two types of bv | arteries, veins |
| areteris | carry blood away fromt eh heart |
| arteries branch to form smaller | arterioles |
| arteries carry blood that is? | high in o2 (except for pulmonary arteries) |
| veins carry blood? | towards the heart |
| vein branch to form smaller | venules |
| most veins carry blood | low in o2 (except for pulmonary veins) |
| great vessels | arteries and veins entering and leaving the heart (bc of large diameter) |
| heart characteristics and functions | unidirectional flow, acts like a side-by-side pump, develops blood pressure |
| backflow of blood is prevented by? | valves within the heart |
| the right side of heart directs blood to the ______ | lungs for gas exchange |
| the left side directs blood to the _______ | body tissues for nutrient and respiratory gas delivery |
| heart develops blood pressure through | alternate cycles of heart wall contraction and relaxation |
| why is a minimum blood pressure essential? | to push blood throug bv to the body tissues for nutrient and waste exchange |
| what are the two circuits of the cariovascular system? | pulmonary circuit and systemic |
| pulmonary circuit consists of? | chamber on right side of heart, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins |
| pulmonary arteries do what | convey poorly oxygenated blood to the lungs (eliminate carbond dioxideand replenish o2) |
| poulmonary veins | convey blood containing low amounts of CO2 and high amount of O2 from lungs to left side of heart |
| systmeic circuit consists of? | chambers on the left side of the heart, all other bv that carry blood to all peripheral organs and tissues of the body. |
| what is pumped into the aorta | bloo high in O2 (from lft side) |
| aorta | largest systmeic artery in the body |
| capillaries | where gas exchange takes place, bodys smallest vessels |
| systmic veins carry | deoxygenated blood (low in O2, high in CO2` |
| most veins merge where? | into the superior vena cava, or into hte ingerior vena cava |
| what drain blood into the right atrium? | superior and inferior vena cava |
| the heart is what size | size of a clenched fist |
| heart is located where | lft of body midline, posterior to the sternum in mediastinum |
| how is theheart rotated | right side and border (rght atrium vent) is located more anteriorly, lft atriam and ventricle is located posteriorly |
| base | posteriosuperior surace of the heart |
| the base is formed primarily by the | lft atrium |
| what border the base | pulmonary veing that enter the lft atrium |
| apex | inferior conical endo f heart (projects towards left side of body) |
| pericaridum | fibrous sac and double-layered serous lining, heart is located here |
| functionof pericardium | restricts herat mvmnts, so it doesnt bounce and move about, prevents from overfilling heart with blood |
| two partes of pericardium | (outer) fibrous pericardium, (inner) serous pericardium |
| fibrous pericardium | connective tissue, attchd to bothh diaphragmand base of the great vessels |
| serous pericardium | double-layered serous membrane. parietal layer and visceral layer (both layers are continuous with each other) |
| parietal layer | serous pericardium inner surface |
| visceral layer | fused to outer surface of the heart (epicardium) |
| pericardium | visceral layer of serous pericarium |
| pericardial cavity | thin space btwn parietal and visceral layers of serous pericardium |
| what is in the pericardial caviy? | serous fluid, lubricate the membraines facilitat frictionless mvmnt of heart when it eats |
| serous fluid | lubricate membranes, facilitat fictionless mvmnt of heart when it beats |
| cardiac tamponade | inflammation or bleeding into pericardial cavity |
| what is cardiac tamponade characterized by? | pulsus paradoxus, jugular vein distention (JVD), falling blood pressure |
| what are the three distinctive layers of the heart wall? | epicardium, myocardium, endocardium |
| epicardium | outermost layer of the heart, VISCERAL LAYER |
| visceral layer of the serous pericardium | outermost heart layer, EPICARDIUM |
| as we age what occurs to the epicardium? | more fat is deposited int eh epicardium, layer bewcomes thick and fattier |
| myocardium | middle layer of the heart wall, composed of cardiac muscle tissue |
| what is the thickest of all threelayers of the heart wall? | myocardium |
| where do myocardial infarctions occur? | in the myocardium layer of heart wall |
| endocardium | covers the internal surface of the heart and the external surfaces of the heart valves |
| endocardium is contiguous with the | endothelium |
| ndothelium | inner lining of the blood vessels |
| the heart is composed of ___ hollow chambers | four |
| the chambers of the heart are as follows: | two smaller atria, two larger ventricles |
| atria | thin-walled chambers that are located superiorly |
| auricle | anterior part of atrium, wrinkled flap-like, extension |
| the atria receives blood fromteh ______ circiut the left atrium receives blood fromteh ___ circuit | systemic, pulmonary |
| bloodd that enters an atrium is passed to the ventricle? | on the same side of the heart |
| ventricles | inferior chambers of the heart |
| what are the two large arteries that exit the heart at the basal surface? | pulmonary trunk, aorta |
| pulmonary trunk | carries blood fromteh rght ventricle intot he pulmonary circuit |
| aorta | conducts blood from the left ventricle to the systemic circuit |
| bibrous skeleton of the heart is located where? | between the atria and ventricles |
| the fibrous skeleton of the heart, Functions: | separates the atria and ventricles, anchors heart valves by forming supportive rings (@ attchm points). provides electriclal insulation. Provides rigid framework for attch of cardiac muscle tissue |
| what is the function of the electrical insulation between the atria and ventricles | ensures that muscle impulses are not spread randomly throughout theheart, and thus prevents all of the heart chambers from beating at the same time |
| the valves of the heart are lined with ______ and allowblood to only travel in __________ and prevent backflow | endothelium, one direction |
| the right atrium receives venous blood from? | the systemic circuit and from the heart muscle itself |
| superior vena cava | drains blood from the head, neck, upper limbs, and the superior regions of the trunk |
| inferior vena cava | drains blood from teh lower limbs and trunk |
| coronary sinus | drains blood fromteh heart wall |
| interatrial septum | forms a thin wall betwen the right and left atria |
| fossa ovalis | oval depression in the interatrial septum |
| the fossa ovalis occupies | former location foramen ovale (shunted blood from rght at to the lft at during fetal life)q |
| right atrioventricular valve | tricuspid valve = separates rgth atrium from the rght ventricle |
| ticuspid valve | rght atioventricular valve |
| "tri/right" | tricuspid = right AV valve |
| the right AV valve is forced closed when | the right bentricle begins to contract, preventing backflow into the rght atrium |
| right ventricle | receives deoxygenated vnous blood from the rght atrium |
| interventricular septum | thick wall btwn r and l ventricle |
| trabeculae carneae | located on the internal wall surface of each ventricle; characteristic larg, smooth, irregular muscular ridges |
| papillary muscles | rght vent; three cone-shaped muscular porojections; anchor chordae tendineae |
| chordae tendineae | thin strands of collagen fibers |
| chordae tendineae attach where? | lower surace of cusps of rght AV valve |
| function of chordaea tendineae | preven the valve from everint and flipping into the atrium when rght vent is contracting |
| pulmonary semilunar valve | superior end of rght vent (marks entrance into pulmonary trunk) |
| pulmonary arteries | carry deoxygenated blood to lungs; division of the pumonary trunk |
| semilunar valves are located where? | within the walls of BOTH ventric immediately before connection of ventricle to pulmonary trunk and aorta |
| semilunar vavle is composed of | three think, half-moon shaped, pocket-like semilunar cusps |
| what occurs when the cusps of semilunar vavlves "filla nd expand"? | blocking backflow, by entering the pockets of the semilunar valves btwn cusps and chamber walls |
| lft atrium contains openings for ___ pulmonary veins | four; sometimes two of these vewsels fuse prior to raching the lft atium, thus ddecreasing the number of openings through the atrial wall |
| lft atrioventricular valve | BICUSPID OR MITRAL VALVE; separates the lft atrium from the lft ventricle |
| lft av valve is forced closed when? | lft vent begins to contract, preventing blood backlflow into the lft atrium |
| ____ ventricle wall is is typically three times thicker than the ____ ventricular wall | left, right |
| why does the left ventricle require thick walls? | in order to generate enough pressure to force the oxyg blood through systemic circuit |
| rght vent only pumps blood to the ___. | lungs |
| _______ in teh lft ventricle are more prominent than those in the right ventricle | trabeculae carneae |
| papillary muscles project formthe ventricle's inner wall and attach to the _______, why? | chordae tendineae, help support the lft AV valve |
| aortic semilunar valve | wuperior end of ventr cavity, markes the end of the left vent and entrance to the aorta |
| cardia cycle | period of time form start of one heartbeat to the initiationof the next |
| systole | contraction of heart |
| what occur during systole | contrax of myocardium forces blood into chamber or vessel. |
| diastole | myocardium relaxes between contrax and chamber fills with blood |
| summarize the cardiac cycle | atrial systole, early ventricular systole, late ventricular systole, early ventricular diastole, late ventricular diastole |
| what occurs during atrial systole? | blood is forcedinto the ventr through open AV valves |
| atrial diastole, what occurs? | contrx of lft and right ventr occurs simultaneously (only two chamber of four contrx at same time) |
| what prevent the AV valve leaflets from everting? | papillary muscles and the chordae tendineae |
| ventricular diastole | ventricles are relaxing, blood flows passively fromteh relaxing atria into the ventricles through AV valves |
| the last one-half of the cardiac cycle ______ chambers of hheart are in diastole together | four |
| bradycardia | slow heartbeat |
| athelete's bradycardia | beneficial adaptation resulting from a muscular heart |
| autorhythmicity | intrinsic rhythmicity, heart itself is resonsible for initiating the heartbeat |
| what are part of the hearts conducting system? | certain cardiac muscle fibers that conduct muscle mimpulses to the contractivle muscle cells of myocardium |
| pacemaker | sinoatrial node (posterior wall of right atrium, establishes the pace for cardia activity |
| under the influence of ______ the SA node fibers initiate impulses _____ times per minute | parasympathetic innervation, 70-80 times |
| wher eis the av node located? | floor of right atium |
| fromteh Sa node the muscle impulses travel through both atria (atrial systole and then, via an ____ through fibrous skeleton to _______ | internodal conduction pathway, atrioventricular node |
| what prevent random nerve impulses from spreading between the atria and the vent? Why is this important? | fibrous skeleton, it is only through an opening in the fibrous skeleton that muscle impulse can spread from the SA node to the AV node |
| what is the functiono f the av node? | slows conduction o fthe impulse as it travels fromteh atria to the ventricles, PROVIDING A DELAY between activation and contraction of f the upper and lower heart chmbers (this allows atria to contract fist then vent) |
| the muscle impulse travels fromt eh Av node tot he _______ | atrioventricular bundle (bundle of his) |
| describe bundle of his? | bundle of connecting fibers, extends into the interventricular septum and divides into rght and left bundle branches |
| lft and right bundle branches conduct the impulse to the | purkinje (conduction fibers) |
| wher are the purkinje fibers | begin within the apex of the heart and extend through the walls of the vent |
| describe purkinje fibers | larger than other cardiac muscle fibers, muscle impuls along P fibers is very RAPID ( consistent with large cell size), impuls spreads immediately throughout hte vent myocardium stimulating contrx |
| electrocardiograph | monitor the electrical activity of the heart, generates an electrocardiogram |
| ECG or EKG | electrocardiogram |
| summarize the conducting system of the heart | SA node, AV node, Bundle of His, Bundle Branches, Perkinje fibers, Ventricular diastole |
| cardiac vavles ensure? | that blood flows unidirectionally through the heart |
| blood flows continuously in both atria under ______ | low pressure |
| blood only passes from atria to ventricles if ________ | av valves are open |
| most of the ventricular filling is ____ (about ___%). occurring when both chambers are relaxing (in ______) and the atrial pressure is _____ than the ventricular pressure. the final ___% filling of the ventricles occurs when the atria contract (in ____) | passive, 70%, diastole, greater than, 30%, systole |
| heart is innervated by? | autonomic ns |
| coronary plexus | the innervation of autonomic ns, consisting of both sympatheti cna parasympatheic components |
| the autonomic cneter in the brainstem ___________, but they can increase or decrease the _____> | don't initiate heartbeat, heartbeat |
| sympathetic innervation | increase rate and force of heart contrx, carried out by nerve fibers from teh cervical and thoracic ganglia |
| parasympthetic innervation | comes from medulla oblongata via the lft and right vagus nerves (CN X), decreases heart rate (no effect on ctrx force) |
| hyperventilation | reduces CO2 levels, causes vasoconstriction of cerebral blood vessels, less blood flow to the brain |
| pressur on the chest reduces | cardiac output (less blood to brain) and impairs blood flow by putting pressure on major bv (less blood flow to brain) |
| pressure on chest stimulates | vagus nerve, suppresses heart (less blood flow to the brain), resulting in vasovagal syncope occurs |
| vasovagal syncope | hyperventilation, pressure on chest reduces cardiac output and stimulates vagus nerve. All result in less blood flow to the brain causing vasovagal syncope |
| syncope | (blank) |
| left and rght coronary arteries | travel in the av groove btwn atria nd ventricle to supply the heart wall. ONLY BRANCHES OF ASCENDING AORTA |
| only branches of ascending aorta | l and r coronary arteries, exit the ascending aorta immediately superior to the aortic smilunar valve |
| l and r coronary arteries branch into ______ | smaller ateries and arterioles to deliver oxygenated blood and nutrients to the capillaries of the myocardium of the atria and ventricles |
| ischemia | inadequate supply of o2 and blood to a part of the body |
| myocardial ischemia | can be painless (silent myocardial ischemia) or agonizing (angina pectoris) |
| venous return occur through on e of the ____________ | several cardia veins that collect deoxygenated blood aond wastes form teh myocardial capillaries |
| coronary sinus | cardiac veins drain here, large vein lthat lies in the posterior aspect of av groove, drains into the right atrium of heart |
| where does the coronary sinus drain? | rght atrim of heart |
| what are the only branches of the ascending aorta? | l and r coronary arteries |
| most coronary flow occurs when and why? | during diastole, when ventricular walls are relaxed. Because the ventricular myocardium is comparessed during systole |
| tachycardia | abnormally increased hr (greater than 100 bpm) |
| effects of tachycardia | shortens diastole and reduces blood flow to the ventricular myocardium |
| hypotension | abnormally low blood pressure, reduc the ability of blood to flow throug the ventricular myocardium |
| effects of tachycardia | shortens diastole and reduces blood flow to the ventricular myocardium |
| foramen ovale in the interatrial septum | bc embryonic lungs are not functional, mmuch blood is shunted away fromteh lungs and to the rst of the body. since right side of heart send blood to lungs, blood ishunted fromteh right atium to the l atrium by traveling thorug h foramen ovale and pushin |
| why can blood not flow back formteh lf atrium to the right in embryonic herat | because the septum primum acts like a one-way flutter valve |
| septum primum | flap of tissue in embryonic heart, next to the foramen ovale |
| when a baby is born the ___ are fully functional, the blood fromthe l atrium pushes the _____ closed, creating a closed ________. | lungs, septum primum, interatrial septum |
| the only remnant of the embryonic opening (foramen ovale) is? | fossa ovalis - oval-shaped depression in teh interatrial septum |
| fossa ovalis fails to close properly | patent foramen ovale, perforated fossa ovali, or atrial septal defect |
| patent foramen ovale results in? | allowing blood to flow fromteh r and l atrium or vice versa |
| perforated fossa ovalis can occur in ___% of adults. and can lead to? | 30%, poor pulmonary circulation or allow blood clots and undesired materials to travel directly formt eh venous circulationinto the arterial circulation |
Created by:
kimberlywar