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spinal nerves
| question | answer |
|---|---|
| does the spinal cord exhibit some functional independence fromt eh brain? | yes, some |
| what are the two important functions of the spinal nerves? | pathway for sensory and motor impulses, spinal cord and spinal nerves are responsible for reflexes,, which are our quickest reactions to a stimulus |
| what are the five regions of the spinal cord? | cervical region, thoracic region, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal |
| cervical is located | superior-most regionof the spinal cord |
| the cervical region is continuous with | teh medulla oblongata |
| the cervical region contains? | motor neurons whose axons contribute to the cervical spinal nerves |
| the thoracic region contains ____ neurons for? | motor, for the thoracic spinal nerves |
| the lumbar region contains ___ neurons for? | motor, for the lumbar spinal nerves |
| the sacral region contains ___ neurons for? | motor, sacral spinal nerves |
| cocycgeal region contains? | one pair of spinal nerves |
| the different regions of the spinal cord do not? | match up exactly with the vertebrae of the same name. |
| why is it that the regions of the spinal cord do not match up exactly with the vertebrae? | because vertebrae growth continued longer thatn the growth of the spinal cord itself (thus the spinal cord is shorter than the vertebral canal that houses). |
| the ___ ofthe spinal cord changes along its entire length because? | diameter, amount of gray matterand white matter and the function of the cord vary in different regions |
| why might the spinal cord regions that control the upper and lower limbs be larger? | because more neuron cell bodies are located there, more space is occupied by the axons and dendrites |
| cervical enlargement | infereior cervical region, contains neurons that innervate the upper limbs |
| lumbar enlargement | throught he midlumbar region of the spinal cord and innervates the lower limbs |
| conus medullaris | tapering inferior end of the spinal cord |
| what does the conus medullaris mark? | official endo fthe spinal cord |
| the conus medullaris usuall ends at the? | level of the first lumbar vertebra |
| inferior to the conus medullaris is what? | a group of axons, collectively called cauda equina, project inferiorly fromt he spinal cord |
| within the cauda equina is what? | filum terminale |
| filum terminale | thin strand of pia mater that helps anchor the conus medullaris to the coccyx |
| the spinal cord is associated with ___ pairs of spinal ncerves that connect the ___ to ____, ____, and ____. | 31, CNS, muscles, receptors and glands |
| the spinal cord contains ___ cervical nerves, .... | 8 cn, 12 tn, 5 ln, 5 sn, 1cn |
| note that there are 8 cervical nerves rather than | 7 |
| the spinal cord is protected and encapsulated by ______ | spinal cord meninges |
| spinal cord meninges are continuous with? | continuous with the cranial meninges |
| the structures and spaces that encircle the spinal cord, listed from outermost to innermost are? | vertebra, epidural space, Dura Mater, Subdural space, Arachnoid, Subarachnoid space, Pia |
| the epidural space lies between? | dura mater and inner walls of the vertebra |
| the epidural space houses | loose connective tissue, bv, and adipose connective tissue |
| local anesthetic can be injected into the _____ of a pregnant femal prior to delivery to deaden sensation from the waist down | epidural space (given through a single injection, or continuously through a catheter) |
| the spinal dura mater consist of just one layer, the dura mater provides? | stability to the spinal cord and at each intervertebral foramen, the dura extends between adjacent vertebrae and fuses iwth conn tissue layers that surround the spinal nerves |
| deep to the duara mater and subdural space(____ type of space) is the ____ | potential, arachnoid |
| the suabarchnoid space is a ___ space and is filled with? | real, CSF |
| the pia mater is deep to the subarachnoid space, describe? | innermost meningeal layer composed of elastic and collagen fibers, this meninx directly adheres to the spinal cord and supports some ofthe bv supplying the spinal cord |
| the spinal cord is partitioned into an iinner ____ region and an outer ____ region | grey matter, white matter |
| the peripheral white matter is composed of primarily | myelinated axons |
| the peripheral white matter provides a means of? | neural communication to and fromt he brain |
| ascending tracts of peripheral whit matter conduct impulses? | fromt eh peripheral sensory receptros of the body to the brain |
| descending tracts of peripheral white matter conduct motor impulses? | from the brain to the muscles and glands |
| the cetnral gray matter of the spinal cord sevees as a center for? | spinal reflexes |
| dermatome | specific segment of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve |
| all spinal nerves except for ___ innervate a segment of skin | C1, (therefor each of the nerves (not C1) is associated wiht a dermatome) |
| the skin of the body may be divided into? | sensory segments, that collectively make up a dermatome map |
| anesthesia | numbness |
| if you have a loss of function in underlying muscle for about a month, what could be the reason? | pressure on the spinal nerve that led to that dermatome and its underlying muscle |
| referred visceral pain | dermatomes are involved, a phenonomenon in which pain or discomfor from one organ is mistakely referred to a dermatome |
| when referred visceral pain what is the result? | the cns misinterprets the impulses coming from separate sources b/c neurons fromt eh same spinal segment innervate both the visceral region where damage occured and superficial region where pain is referred |
| what conduct nerve impulses on the same ascending tracts withint he spinal cord? | numerous cutaneous and visceral sensory neurons |
| what is the result when numerous cutaneous and visceral sensory neurons conduc nerve impulses on the same ascending tracts? | these impulses can be localized incorrectly and the sensory cortex othe brain is unable to differentitate between the actual and false sources of the stimulus |
| what are common sites for referred visceral pain? | cardia problems (sympathetic inervation from t1-t5, pain innervates t1-t5- lie along left pect region), kidney disease |
| nerve plexus | network of interweaving spinal nerves |
| most of the ____ nerves do NOT FORM plexus | thoracic spinal nerves (T2-T12) and S5-Co1 |
| how are nerve polexes are organized how? | axons from each spinal nerve extend to body structures throug several different branches |
| most of the named nerves from a plexus are composed of | axons from multiple spinal nerves |
| because most nerves from a plexus are composed of axons from multiple spinal nerves, damage to a single segment of the spinal cord or damage to a single spinal nerve generally? | does not result in complete loss of innervation to a particular muscle or region of skin |
| what are the four principle plexus? | lft and rght cervical plexus, lf and rght brachial plexuses, lft and rght lumbar plexuses, lft and rght sacral plexuses |
| where are the l and r cervical plexuses located? | deep on the each side of the neck, immediately lateral to cervical vertebrae C1-C4 |
| what is not considered part of the cervical plexus | fifth cervical spinal nerve, although it contributes some axons to one of the plexus branches |
| branches of cervical plexuses innervate what? | anterior neck muscle as well as the skin of the neck and portions of the head and shoulders |
| what is the important branch of the cervical plexus? | phrenic nerve |
| phrenic nerve is formed | from c4 nerve and some contributing axons from C3 and C5 |
| C3, four and five keep the ____ alive | diaphragm |
| the phrenic nerve travels through | the thoracic cavity to innervate the diaphragm |
| hiccups are caused by | irritation to the phrenic neve causing spasmodic contractions ofthe diaphragm, causing epiglottis to close suddenly and make the characteristic sound of hiccups |
| l and r brachial plexuses | networks of nerves taht supply the upper limb |
| brachial plexus is formed by | spinal nerves C5-T1 |
| the components of hte brachial plexus extend? | laterally fromt eh neck, pass superior to the first rib and then continue into the axilla |
| each brachial plexus inervates the ___ and ____ of one side | pectoral girdle, entire upper limb of one side |
| what are the five major nerves that arise from the brachial plexus? | axillary nerve, median nerve, musculotendinous nerve, radial nerve, ulnar nerve |
| axillary nerve innervates | both the deltoid and the teres minor muscles |
| ulnar nerve descends along the | medial side of the arm and wraps posterior to hte medial epicond of the humerus, then runs along the ulnar side ofthe forearm. |
| the ulnar nerve innervates? | some of the anterior forearm muscles and many of the muscles int eh palm |
| the ulnar nerve receives sensations from? | the skin of the dorsal and palmar aspects of fingers #5 and medial half of finter #4 |
| the clinical procedure for obtaining csf | lumbar puncture (spinal tap) |
| the needle in a spinal tap must recieve csf from what area | subarachnoid spaces |
| shingles | reactivation of childhood chickenpox |
| during initial infection, chickenpox virus sometimes leave sthe skin and invades the | posterior root ganglia of the spinal cord (remains latent) |
| if the chickenpox virus become activated what occurs? | shingles, travels through the sensory axons to the dermatome, continues to proliferate to the skin to a rash and blisters |
| shingles occurs in __% of adults mostly after age ___. | 10%, 50 yrs |
| what can trigger shingles? | psychological stress, infection, sunburn. even after shingles is gone dermatological pain can remain |
| singultus | hiccups |
| brachial plexus nerve injuries | axillary nerve, radial nerve, posterior cord, median nerve, ulnar nerve, superior trunk,a nd inferior trunk injuries |
| axillary nerve injury | can be damaged if surgical neckof humerus is broken, great difficulty abducting the arm due to paralysis of deltiod muscle |
| radial nerve injury | subject to injury during humeral shaft injuries, paralysis of extensor muscles of the forearm, wrist and fingers. Common clinical sign of radial nerve injury is "wrist drop" |
| wrist drop | common clinical sign of radial nerve injury, patient unable to extend wrist |
| posterior cord injury | commonly injured in the axilla, caused by improper use of crutches "crutch palsy", also can occur is someone drapes an arm over a chair for long period of time (often occurs in drunkards) = "drunkards paralysis |
| median nerve injury | result of carpal tunnel syndrome or dep laceration of wrist. results in paralysis of "thenar group", "ape hand", lateral two lumbricals are also paralyzed |
| thenar group | thumb muscles |
| ape hand | classic sign of median nerve injury developes as thenar nerve wastes away hand resembles an ape |
| ulnar nerve injury | by fxt or dislocat of elbow, funny bone=ulnar nerve, paralyzes hand muscles (interossei, hypothenar, adductor pollicis muslces and medial two lumbricals), unable to adduct or abduct the fingers. Test by getting patient to hold piece of paper tightly |
| superior trunk injury | can be injured by excessive separation of the neck and shoulder affects C5 and C6 anterior rami |
| inferior trunk injury | injured if arm is excessively abducted (arm pulled too hard during delivery) when graping something above head in order to break a fall. Involves C8 and T1 anterior rami (any assc brachial plexus branch is affected) |
| a poorly placed gluteal intramuscular injection can injure the | superior or inferior gluteal nerves, even sciatic nerve |
| sciatica | exteme pain down back of thigh and leg (can be cause by herniated intervertebral discs) |
| foot drop | classic sign of fibular nerve injury. as a person lifts the affected foot to take a step, the foot falls in the plantar-fleed position (can't dorsiflex normally). Lift the hip to compensate. |
| lumbar plexuses (l and r | formed by spinal nerves L1--L4, lateral to the L1-L4 vertebrae |
| what are the two principal named nerves that arise from teh lumbar plexus? | femoral nerve and obturator nerve |
| femoral nerve innervates | quadriceps femoris, sartorius and hip muscle |
| femoral nerve receives sensory info from teh | anterior and inferomedial thigh as well as medial aspect of the leg |
| obturator nerve | innervates the gracilis |
| the sciatic nerve passes? | deep to the gluteus maximus and piriformis muscles. Just superior to popliteal fossa it splits. |
| tibial nerve innervates the | hamstrings, gastrocnemius, soleus ans several other muscles. |
| tibial nerve receives sensory info from | skin covering the sole ofthe foot |
| common fibular nerve innervates? | peroneus longus (fibularis longus), tibialis anterior and other leg and foot muscles. |
| the common fibular nerve receives sensory input from? | the anterolateral part of the leg, the towes and the dorsal surface of the foot |
| when andy lost his inability to use his tibialis anterior what had occured? | common fibular nerve had failed, leading to his inability to use tib ant, when he had anesthesia of the L5 dermatome |
| reflexes | rapid, automatic, involuntary reactions of musclesor glands to a stimulus |
| what are the properties of a reflex? | stimulus, rapid response, automatic response, involuntary response |
| __ is required to intitiate a response to sensory input | stimulus |
| _____ requires that few neurons be involved and synaptic delay be minimal | rapid response |
| ___ occurs the same way every time in a reflex | automatic response |
| ___ requires no intent or pre-awareness of reflex activity | involuntary response (reflexes are usually not supressed) |
| awarness of the stimulus occurs when? | after the reflex action has been ocmpleted, in timeto correct or avoid a potentially dangerous situation |
| example of a reflex | remov your hand from stimulus (hot stove), even before you are completely aware that your hand was touching something hot |
| reflexes precede _____ | SENSATION |
| reflex arc | neural wiring of a single reflex |
| a reflex arc begins at a | receptor in the pns, commun with the cns and ends at a peripheral effector |
| five steps in neural reflex | 1. stimulus activates dendrite, 2. nerve imp travel to cns, 3. info processsed in cns by interneurons, 4. motor neuron trans to effector, 5. effector responds |
| simplest reflexes ______, but synapse directly on a motor neuron | do not involve interneurons |
| effector | peripheral target organ that responds to the stimulus from the motor neuron, intent is to couteract or remove orig stimulus |
| the cns forms primarily from the? | embryonic neural tube |
| the cranial (superior) part of the neural tube develops into ____ while the caudal (inferior) part forms ____ | brain, spinal cord |
| neural canal | in embryonic neural tube devel into the central canal of the spinal cord |
| does the neural tube shrin? | no it does not, the walls grow and expand |
| during embryonic deveol the neural tube starts to grow _________. | rapidly and unevenly |
| pat ofthe nerual tube forms _______ while other components form_____. | white matter of spinal cord, grey matter |
| ___ grows faster than the spinal cord | bony vertebral collumn |
| newborns spinal cord= ___, childs spinal cord = ____, adult spinal cord = _____ | L3, L2, L1 |
| the diproportionalte growth of vertebrae explains what? | why the lubar, sacral dn coccygeal regions of spin cord etc... do not match up and form CAUDA EQUINA |
| developmemnt of spinal cord (5 steps) | 1. forms from inferior part of neural tube. 2. neural canal devel into central canal. 3. neural tube grows rapidly and unevenly. 4. vertebral column grows faster. 5. explains why regionsof spinal cord do not lie with respective vertebrae, form cauda equin |
| traum above C3 leads to | deathby asphyxiation (bc innervation to the intercostal muscles and diaphragm is lost). |
| chritopher reeve survived bc | rescue breathing was performed |
| what type of quadriplegic is christopher reeve | respirator-dependant quadriplegic (bc above C3 trauma) |
| quadriplegia | paralysis of all four limbs |
| trauma btwn C4 and C7 results in | quadriplegia, bc have a phrenic nerve functioning and be able to breathe with just diaphragm, not with mechanical respirator |
| trauma to the spinal cord between T1 and L1 leads to | paraplegia |
| paraplegia | paralysis of both lower extremities |
Created by:
kimberlywar