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ECG Made Easy, Ch. 1
Anatomy and Physiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Movement of blood from the right ventricle to the lungs | pulmonary circulation |
| supplies the right atrium and ventricle with blood | right coronary artery |
| The primary chemical mediator of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system | norepinephrine |
| circumflex artery is a branch of the ________. | left coronary artery |
| is located between the right atrium and right ventricle | tricuspid valve |
| The anterior surface of the heart is made up mostly of the _________. | right ventricle |
| The period during which a heart chamber is contracting and blood is being ejected | systole. |
| primarily responsible for parasympathetic stimulation of the heart | vagus nerves |
| The upper chambers of the heart that receive blood | atria |
| The interior surface of the heart is also called the __________. | diaphragmatic surface |
| heart chambers that pump blood | ventricles |
| The thick, muscular middle layer of the heart wall that contains the atrial and ventricular muscle fibers necessary for contraction | myocardium |
| Coronary artery that supplies the SA node and AV node in most of the population | Right coronary artery |
| shaped like a half-moon | semilunar valve |
| A negative ________ effect refers to a decrease in heart rate | chronotropic |
| Innermost layer of the heart | Endocardium |
| The amount of blood flowing into the right atrium each minute from the systemic circulation | Venous return |
| separates the right and left atria | interatrial septum |
| A build up of excess blood or fluid in the pericardial space can cause | cardiac tamponade |
| Specialized nerve tissue located in the internal carotid arteries and the aortic arch that detects changes in the blood pressure | Baroreceptors |
| One of the semilunar valves | Pulmonic |
| The percentage of blood pumped out of a heart chamber with each contraction | Ejection fraction |
| This typically results when the heart's demand for oxygen exceeds its supply from the coronary circulation | Myocardial ischemia |
| Sensors in the internal carotid arteries and aortic arch that detect changes in the concentration of hydrogen ions (pH), oxygen, and carbon dioxide in the blood | Chemoreceptors |
| When actin and myosin filaments slide together, the cardiac muscle cell _________. | contracts |
| ___________ in myocardial cells function as electrical connections and allow the cells to conduct electrical impulses very rapidly | Gap junctions |
| Space between the lungs that contains the heart, great vessels, trachea, and esophagus, among other structures | Mediastinum |
| This electrolyte is very important in cardiac muscle contraction | Calcium |
| This type of heart valve separates an atrium and ventricle | Atrioventricular |
| Lower heart chambers | Ventricles |
| Pulmonary arteries and veins, aorta, superior and inferior vena cavae | Great vessels |
| the distribution of nerves to a part | innervation |
| (inhibitory) nerve fibers supply the sinoatrial node, atrial muscle, and the AV junction of the heart by the vagus nerves. | parasympathetic innervations of the heart |
| The right atrium receives blood low in oxygen from three vessels. Name them. | 1. Superior vena cava 2. Inferior vena cava 3. coronary sinus |
| List three types of sympathetic (adrenergic) receptor sites. | alpha 1, alpha 2, beta 1, beta 2 and dopamine (also called dopaminergic). |
| The left main coronary artery supplies oxygenated blood to its two primary(main) branches. Name them. | 1. The left anterior descending (LAD) (also called the anterior interventricular) artery 2. The circumflex artery (CX). |
| Afterload is influenced by what? (3) | 1. Arterial blood pressure 2. Arterial resistance 3. The ability of the arteries to become stretched (arterial distensibility) |
| the pressure or resistance against which the ventricles must pump to eject blood | afterload |
| At the end of ventricular diastole, both atria simultaneously contract to eject 10% to 30% more blood into the ventricles | "atrial kick" |
| What effects can be expected from sympathetic stimulation of the heart? | 1. increased heart rate 2, force of contraction 3. conduction velocity 4. blood pressure 5. cardiac output. |
| Describe the function of the right atrium of the heart. | receives deoxygenated blood from the superior vena cava, the inferior vena cava and the coronary sinus. Blood passes through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle. |
| superior vena cava | carries blood from the head and upper extremities |
| inferior vena cava | carries blood from the lower body |
| coronary sinus | receives blood from intracardiac circulation |
| List six of the signs and symptoms of decreased cardiac output. | 1. Cold, clammy skin 2. Color changes in the skin and mucous membranes 3. Dyspnea 4. Orthopnea 5. Crackles (rales) 6. Changes in mental status 7. Changes in blood pressure 8. Dysrhythmias 9. Fatigue 10. Restlessness |
| What effects can be expected from parasympathetic stimulation of the heart? | 1. Slows the rate of discharge of the SA node 2. Slows conduction through the AV node 3. Decreases the strength of atrial contraction 4. Can cause a small decrease in the force of ventricular contraction |
| What factors affect stroke volume? | 1. The pressure against which the ventricle must pump (afterload) 2. The myocardium’s contractile state (contracting or relaxing) |
| Coronary arteries on diagram, right side of heart (top to bottom): | Superior vena cava, Aorta, Aortic semilunar valve, Right atrium, Right coronary artery, Right marginal artery, Right ventricle, Posterior descending artery (at bottom of graph) |
| Coronary arteries on diagram, left side of heart (top to almost bottom): | Pulmonary trunk, Left main coronary artery, Left atrium, Circumflex artery, Anterior descending artery, Left ventricle |
| Briefly explain why recognition of a rapid heart rate is important when providing patient care. | Increases in heart rate shorten all phases of the cardiac cycle. The most important is the time the heart spends relaxing is less. If the length of time for ventricular relaxation is shortened, there is less time to fill adequately with blood. |
| If the ventricles do not have time to fill, the following occur: | 1. The amount of blood sent to the coronary arteries is reduced. 2. The amount of blood pumped out of the ventricles will decrease (cardiac output) 3. Signs of myocardial ischemia may be seen |
Created by:
djoyo14