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ppsych 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Trait-descriptive adjectives | words that describe traits, attributes of a person that are characteristic of the person and enduring over time |
| Use of trait-descriptive adjectives connotes | consistent and stable characteristics |
| Dispositions | traits |
| BC traits are central concepts in personality psychology they must | be precisely formulated/ defined ( ex. Species is defined) |
| Individuals differ in many ways that are both | characteristic and enduring |
| Crucial goal for personality psychology | identify most important ways that individuals differ |
| Taxonomy | an organized scheme within which to assemble individual traits |
| Some view traits as ________ of persons that______ behavior | internal properties, cause |
| Some don’t make assumptions about ___ and only use traits to _____ person’s behavior | causality, describe |
| Refers to something inside causing person to act in a certain way | desire, need, want |
| Internal | individuals carry desires, needs, and wants from one situation to the next |
| Desires and needs are presumed to be ____ | causal |
| Causal | explain behavior of individuals who possess the traits |
| Internal desire ____ external behavior | influences |
| Psychologists who view traits as internal dispositions | don’t equate traits with external behavior in question (foo & diet example) |
| Traits can lie dormant | capacities remain present even when behaviors aren’t expressed |
| Believe traits can lie dormant | psychologists who view traits as internal dispositions |
| To view traits as causes of behavior you have to | rule out other causes |
| Proponents of descriptive summaries | make no assumptions about internality or causality |
| Descriptive summary viewpoint | trait attribution merely describes expressed behavior |
| Descriptive summary | use traits to describe a trend in a person’s behavior |
| Descriptive summary- we must first | identify and describe important differences between people |
| Descriptive summary- second we must | develop causal theories to explain them |
| An illustration of the descriptive summary formulation | Act Frequency Formulation |
| Act frequency approach starts with | notion that traits are categories of acts |
| 3 key elements of Act Frequency Approach | act nomination, prototypicality judgment, & recording of act performance |
| Act nomination | a procedure designed to identify which acts belong in which trait categories |
| Act nomination procedures | researchers can identify hundreds of acts belonging to various trait categories |
| Prototypicality judgment | identifying which acts are most central to each trait category |
| Acts within trait categories differ in their | prototypicality of the trait |
| Recording act performance | use self-repots or reports from friends or spouses |
| Has been helpful in making explicit the behavioral phenomena to which most traits refer | Act Frequency Approach |
| Act Frequency Approach has been helpful in | identifying behavioral regularities & exploring meaning of traits |
| Show high levels of self-observer agreement | extroversion & conscientiousness |
| Show low levels of self-observer agreement | agreeableness |
| Can be used to predict important outcomes in everyday life | Act Frequency Approach |
| Act Frequency Approach | acts of deception & mate guarding |
| Lexical approach | all traits listed & defined in the dictionary form the basis of the natural way of describing differences between ppl |
| Starting point for lexical approach | natural language |
| Statistical approach | uses factor analysis to identify major personality traits |
| Theoretical approach | use theories to identify important traits |
| Lexical hypothesis | all important individual differences have become encoded within the natural language |
| In the English language there is an abundance of trait terms codified as | adjectives (18,000) |
| 2 criteria of identifying traits for the lexical approach | synonym frequency & cross-cultural universality |
| Cross-cultural universality | more important an individual difference in human transactions, the more languages will have a term for it |
| The more phenotypic (observable) the trait | there should be a word for it in virtually every language |
| Problem with lexical strategy | personality is conveyed through nouns & adverbs too |
| Goal of statistical approach | identify the major dimensions or coordinates of the personality map |
| Most commonly used statistical procedure | factor analysis |
| Covary | go together |
| Factor analysis | identifies groups of items that covary, but tend to not covary with other groups of items |
| Factor analysis | provides a means for organizing thousands of traits |
| Factor loading | indicate the degree to which the item correlates with the underlying factor |
| Statistical approach | you get out only what you put in to it |
| Statistical approach | atheoretical- no prejudgment about which variables are important |
| Theoretical approach | dictates which variables are important to measure |
| Example of theoretical approach | sociosexual orientation |
| Sociosexual orientation | men and women will pursue one of two alternative sexual relationship strategies |
| Norman & Goldberg | used lexical approach and then factor analysis |
| Lexical strategy | can be used to sample trait terms |
| Factor analysis | provides structure and order to trait terms |
| Hans Eysenck | model is most strongly rooted in biology |
| Eysenck | developed a model based on traits he believed were highly heritable & had a likely psychophysiological foundation |
| Eysenck | PEN |
| Eysenck | extroversion, Neuroticism, psychoticism |
| Eysenck’s model | each of 3 traits subsumes a large number of narrow traits |
| Typical high scorer of neuroticism | tends to be a worrier, overreactivity on the negative emotions |
| Proves valuable in grouping together narrower traits | factor analysis |
| Men tend to score twice as high as women on | psychoticism |
| Eysenck’s model | hierarchical nature & biological underpinnings |
| Eynsenck’s model | supertraits-> narrow traits-> habitual acts |
| Lowest level of Eynsenck’s model | specific acts |
| Charles Spearman | invented factor analysis |
| Cattell | followed vitamin researchers by naming discovered personality factors with letters |
| Cattell | believed true factors of personality should be found across different types of data (S-data & T-data) |
| Cattell’s taxonomy | 16 |
| Cattell | developed a strong empirical strategy for identifying basic dimensions of personality |
| Timothy Leary & Jerry Wiggins | circular (circumplex) representations of personality |
| Interpersonal traits | difference that pertains to what people do to & with each other |
| Wiggins | argued that trait terms specify different kinds of ways in which individuals differ |
| Wiggins | interpersonal traits |
| Wiggins defined interpersonal traits as interactions between ppl involving | exchanges |
| Wiggins 2 resources that define social exchange | love & status |
| Wiggins circumplex provides an explicit definition of interpersonal behavior | giving love & granting status; Denying love & status |
| 3 types of relationships in Wiggin’s model | adjacency, bipolarity, & orthogonality |
| Adjacency | how close the traits are to each other in the circumplex |
| Traits that are adjacent are | positively correlated |
| Bipolarity | traits are located at opposite sides of the circumplex |
| Traits that are bipolar are | negatively correlated |
| Orthogonality | traits that are perpendicular to each other in the circumplex |
| Traits that are orthogonal have | zero correlation, completely unrelated |
| Allows one to specify with greater precision the different ways traits are expressed in actual behavior | orthogonality |
| Key advantage of circumplex model | alerts investigators to gaps |
| Limitation of circumplex models | limited to 2 dimensions |
| I | surgency or extraversion |
| II | agreeableness |
| III | conscientiousness |
| IV | emotional stability |
| V | openness-intellect |
| Cattell used which of Allport & Odbert’s four categories | stable traits |
| Cattell | ended up with 35 clusters of traits |
| Fiske | took Cattell’ 35 and kept 22 |
| Fiske | first person to discover a version of the 5-factor model |
| Tupes & Christal | identified precise structure of 5-factor model |
| 5-factor model | surgency, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, & culture |
| 2 major ways of measuring big five taxonomy | self-ratings of single-word adjectives & self-ratings of sentence items |
| Lewis Goldberg | has done the most systematic research on the Big Five using single-word trait adjectives |
| Costa & McCrae | sentence-length item format of Big Five NEO-PI-R |
| NEO | neuroticism-extraversion-openness |
| PI | personality inventory |
| R | revised |
| Provide subtlety & nuance to big five traits | facets |
| Those who use questionnaire items prefer | label of openness/ openness to experience |
| Those who start with lexical & use adjectives as items prefer | label of intellect |
| Cardinal feature of extraversion | social attention |
| Self-handicapping | tendency to create obstacles to successful achievement to protect self-esteem |
| Neuroticism | self-handicapping |
| Good grades | H-conscientiousness & H- emotional stability |
| Risky sexual behavior | H- extraversion, H- neuroticism, L- conscientiousness, L- Agreeableness |
| Alcohol consumption | H-extraversion, L-conscientiousness |
| Pathological gambling | H-neuroticism, L-conscientiousness |
| Aggression | neuroticism & H-agreeableness |
| Mount Everest Climbers | extraverted, emotionally stable, & H-psychoticism |
| Happiness | H-extraversion & L-neuroticism |
| Engage in volunteer work | H- agreeableness & H-extraversion |
| Forgiveness | H-agreeableness, H- emotional stability |
| Leader | H-extraversion, H-agreeableness, H-conscientiousness, H-emotional stability |
| Migrate | H-openness & L-agreeableness |
| Have kids | H-extraversion & H-emotional stability |
| Touched by intimate partner | H-agreeableness & H-openness |
Created by:
alxt