Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Behavioral Science
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (Post-Midterm)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Describe Behavioral Therapy. | Type of therapy based on learning theory, employed to modify behavior, focus is on treating behavioral directly, as opposed to underlying unconscious process. It encompasses a wide range of techniques based upon classical and operant conditioning. |
| What is an important assumption of behavioral therapy? | Most human behavior is learned, including maladaptive or abnormal behavior. Therefore treatment involves assisting individuals in unlearning such dysfunctional behavior patterns. |
| What’s another name for behavioral therapy? | Behavioral modification |
| Describe Cognitive Therapy. | Therapy based on cognitive theory, which emphasizes the role of thoughts, beliefs, perceptions in determining behavior. Distorted, irrational views of world = emotional distress so helping pts identify maladaptive thoughts and change them is key. |
| Describe Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy. | Combination of behavioral and cognitive approaches to therapy, there is good evidence of effectiveness with this therapy in treating a fairly wide range of mental disorders |
| What is the prevailing treatment modality (therapy) in the field of mental health currently? | Cognitive-behavioral therapy |
| Describe cognitive-behavioral therapy techniques that involve classical conditioning. | Those which help the patient break the association between a condition/learned stimulus and a problematic conditioned/learned response (ie – anxiety) – this is known as counterconditioning and/or extinction. |
| Which commonly used technique appears to involve both counterconditioning and extinction? | Systematic desensitization |
| When suing Systematic desensitization, is the original unconditioned stimulus known or necessary for treatment? | No |
| Describe Systematic Desensitization. | Carried out by pairing relaxation with the anxiety provoking conditioning stimulus in order to weaken, and eventually eliminate the negative conditioned response |
| What is reciprocal conditioning? | Teaching a behavior that is opposite to the conditioned response seen in behavioral disorders. The new, more appropriate conditioned response is said to be antagonistic to the old, inappropriate response. |
| What is the first step in systematic desensitization? | The patient is first trained in progressive muscle relaxation |
| After learning progressive muscle relaxation techniques, what comes next in systematic desensitization? | Imagined anxiety-eliciting scenes (the conditioned stimulus) are paired with relaxation. That is, the patient is instructed to imagine a specific scene in the hierarchy that has been created from least to most disturbing, while in a relaxed state. |
| After what percentage of the hierarchy scenes used in systematic desensitization have been successfully completed imaginarily can in vivo desensitization begin? | 70-80% |
| Are purely cognitive approaches to systematic desensitization generally effective in themselves? | Not by themselves, because the fear has already been recognized as irrational |
| What is the most common employed treatment technique for behavioral sex therapy? | Sensate Focus (Masters & Johnson) |
| Which behavioral sexual therapy technique is most closely related to systematic desensitization? | Sensate focus (because it is based on gradual exposure and reciprocal inhibition) |
| Describe Male Erectile dysfunction. | 1) Persistent inability to attain or maintain an erection for successful completion of intercourse, 2) marked distress in the affected male, 3) Not due to another sexual dysfunction or the physiological effects of drugs or general medical illness |
| What is ‘performance anxiety’? | An important factor in many cases of male arousal disorder, regardless of etiology. It develops through classical conditioning such that the sexual situation has come to be associated with anxiety. |
| What is ‘spectatoring’? | A common component of performance anxiety which involves anxious observation on one’s own state of arousal rather than full engagement in lovemaking. |
| What type of cognitions can lead to anxiety which may inhibit sexual performance? | Erroneous beliefs and attitudes |
| What technique is the basis for ‘aversion therapy’? | Counterconditioning |
| Describe Aversion therapy. | Technique in which a conditioned stimulus associated w/ pleasure is paired w/ an unconditioned stimulus which elicits an unpleasant response (shock/nausea drug). Result = conditioned stimulus gets associated w/ unpleasant effect of unconditioned stimulus |
| Which type of therapy is sometimes employed to treat pedophilia? | Aversion therapy |
| Describe pedophilia. | 1) sexually arousing urges, fantasies, behaviors involving sexual contact w/ a prepubescent child over 6+ months, 2) person has acted on these urges, experienced distress/interpersonal problems, 3) at least 16 years old and 5 years older than the child. |
| Is violence a typical part of pedophilic molestation? | Though not typically intended, the victim may suffer psychological trauma related to the experience. Also, a minority of pedophiles are classified as psychopathic personalities but they are unrepresentative and often violent. |
| What is ‘incest’? | Sexual relations between close relatives. In making a diagnosis of pedophilia, the clinician will specify whether the condition is ‘limited to incest’ with the incest victim typically being older than pedophile’s non-related victims. |
| Is child pornography a critical ingredient in motivating child molestation? | No, studies tend to support that this is not true. Individuals suffering from pedophilia have been shown to be aroused by everyday media materials such as ads and catalogs picturing young children in underwear. |
| What percentage of women report being sexually abused as a child? | 19% |
| What percentage of men report being sexually abused as a child? | 8-9% |
| Does aversion therapy completely eliminate a pedophile’s sexual attraction to children? | No, and it is not expected to. Rather, it provides the patient with a greater measure of control over the overt behavior. |
| Aside from aversion therapy, what other type of therapy is typically employed with pedophiles? | Group therapy. Such therapy involves education, peer pressure, and support, aimed at curbing future expression of the behavior. |
| Aside from pedophilia, what other behavioral disorders typically use aversion therapy as treatment? | 1) Alcohol abuse, 2) Cigarette smoking, 3) Kleptomania |
| What is Kleptomania? | An impulse-control disorder in which a person steals repeatedly, but not for the monetary value of the object or for use of the object |
| What is the essential feature of the Impulse-control disorders? | Inability to resist an impulse, drive, or temptation to perform an act that is harmful to oneself or others. |
| Name the 5 impulse-control disorders. | 1) Intermittent explosive disorder, 2) kleptomania, 3) pyromania, 4) pathological gambling, 5) trichotillomania |
| What is the DSM-IV criteria for Kleptomania? | 1) recurrent failure to resist impulses to steal unneeded items, 2) increased sense of tension before committing theft, 3) pleasure, gratification, or relief at the time of committing theft, 4) Stealing is not to express anger/vengeance |
| What type of behavior is involved in kleptomania? | Negative reinforcement (tension reduction following stealing behavior) |
| What is classical extinction? | When the unconditioned stimulus no longer follows the conditioned stimulus, resulting in decay of the conditioned stimulus-conditioned response bond |
| Which 2 treatment techniques does classical extinction play a significant role in? | 1) Exposure and 2) Flooding |
| Describe ‘Exposure’. | A treatment technique similar to systematic desensitization except there is *no training in an incompatible response* (relaxation). Can be in vivo or imaginary. |
| Describe ‘Flooding’. | Abrupt, prolonged, and full-intensity exposure to the anxiety-provoking stimulus |
| Describe ‘Exposure and Ritual Prevention. | Combo of exposure and ritual prevention = first-line treatment approach for obsessive compulsive disorder. In reference to OCD, the patient is exposed to the anxiety-inducing stimulus but then not permitted to perform the ritual task that lessens anxiety. |
| What is another name for Exposure and Ritual Prevention? | Response prevention |
| Does adding medication seem to help with Exposure and ritual prevention? | No, however SSRI’s show some effectiveness in reducing symptoms when the disorder is co-morbid with depression |
| From an operant perspective, preventing the avoidance response associated with the anxiety-inducing stimulus eliminates the possibility of what? | Negative reinforcement |
| What behavioral therapy is employed using operant conditioning principles? | Contingency Management |
| Describe Contingency Management. | As per operant conditioning, environment provides both reinforcing and punishing consequences following behavior. Contingency management simply involves manipulating these consequences, using reinforcement, punishment, and extinction to modify behavior. |
| What are some therapeutic operant conditioning techniques that increase positive behavior? | 1) Positive reinforcement, 2) Shaping, and 3) Biofeedback (monitoring patient’s physiological state with specialize equipment) |
| What are some therapeutic operant conditioning techniques that decrease undesirable behavior? | 1) Punishment and 2) operant-extinction (this involves withholding reinforcement following a previously reinforced behavior in order to eliminate that behavior) |
| Most people experienced ‘time out’ as a punishment in childhood, what type of technique is this? | Negative punishment |
| What is a contingency contract? | Simply a therapeutic understanding, usually involving a family or couple and the behavioral therapist. Contingencies relate to certain desirable and undesirable behaviors made explicit and agreed upon by all parties |
| What are ‘token economies’? | Operant based management systems commonly employed in residential treatment facilities, prisons, etc. They involve the use of secondary or conditioned reinforcers (referred to as ‘tokens’) to encourage desirable behaviors. |
| Describe some barriers to adequate pain management. | 1) Cultural views that pain should ne stoically endured, 2) fears of addition, 3) physician concerns regarding disciplinary action related to prescription of pain meds, and 4) lack of adequate medical training in the area. |
| Do patients have a right to adequate symptomatic relief of pain? | Yes, according to two recent US Supreme court rulings |
| What is Psychoeducation? | An approach to pain management in which the goal is to make a patient an active participant in pain management. Patients may fear addiction and feel they should bare pain as long as possible before resorting to meds – MD should allay these fears. |
| Should an MD make assumptions about the origins of pain (physical or psychological)? | No, neither should they make assumptions about whether a patient is actually experiencing pain |
| Is pain objectively measurable? | No, it is a subjective state |
| In terms of pain, what should an MD’s primary focus be on? | Pain behaviors such as complaining, missing work/activities, and becoming inactive. |
| Describe behavioral management for pain. | Involves managing environmental contingencies, ie – withdrawing reinforcement from the display of pain behavior and reinforcing only healthy behaviors. |
| What is the goal of cognitive behavioral therapy in terms of pain management? | Focus is not so much to eliminate pain, but rather, lessen eh disability associated with it (though some lessening in pain intensity is often observed) |
| Are pain meds reinforcing? | Yes, pain meds are highly reinforcing. Thus, their administration is made time contingent – they should be administered at pre-set intervals (so as not to reinforce complaining and other pain behaviors) |
| Hoe does Hospice care pain management vary from most other forms of pain management? | Pain meds in this setting may be administered on a pain contingent basis (with the emphasis on self-control and self-administration of pain medication) |
| How can hypnosis be used in pain management? | It is an under-used option in pain management, it works through the combination of relaxation, distraction, and perceptual alteration. |
| Can most individual’s learn to alter their pain sensations somewhat? | Yes, for example – a post-hypnotic suggestion might be that the pain is another sensation such as warmth |
| Give an example of how biofeedback can be used in the reduction of pain. | For example, a patient can be taught to lower the temperature in their hands as an intervention for migraine headaches |
| Describe Cognitive therapies. | The cognitive approach emphasizes the importance of thoughts and beliefs in determining behavior. It is based on the idea that it is our interpretation of events that determines our behavior (as opposed to the event itself). |
| According to beliefs held in cognitive therapy, what do psychopathology and emotional disturbance result from? | Distorted cognitions and beliefs concerning reality or the way things are |
| What do cognitive treatments approaches emphasize? | Identifying and challenging false and abnormal cognitions. This is referred to as cognitive restructuring. |
| Describe Rational-Emotive Therapy (RET). | A therapist identifies, challenges and helps the patient modify irrational, distorted cognitions of self and the world. |
| What is Catastrophizing? | Attributing dire and disastrous meaning to certain life outcomes, thereby creating in ourselves corresponding negative emotions. |
| What are ‘Musts & Shoulds’? | Irrational beliefs and unrealistic demands people place on themselves and others that lead to negative emotional states. |
| Who coined the term ‘Negative Schema’ and what therapy does it relate to? | Beck uses this term to describe distorted thoughts, beliefs, and perceptions seen in affective disorders such as depression. Essentially, it is a lens or filter one places over the world. Negative schema is the target of Beck’s Cognitive therapy. |
| What is ‘the negative triad’? | Self, life events, and the future, this triad is thought to result in the negative views seen in depression. |
| Is depression the cause of negative thoughts or are negative thoughts the cause of depression? | No one knows for sure – this topic is currently being debated within the field of psychology. |
| Is cognitive therapy as effective in treatment of depression as antidepressant meds? | Yes, in the case of mild to moderate depression (non-psychotic, non-bipolar types) |
| Describe Albert Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory (Social Learning Theory). | Human behavior = result of reciprocal interaction of cognitive factors, behavior, environment w/ emphasis on bidirectional influences btwn factors. Suggests most social behavior/emotion is learned through observing others (modeling or vicarious learning). |
| What is ‘self-efficacy’? | The idea that in order to be successful in changing a behavior, people must be confident in their ability to do so. |
| Describe Marsha Linehan’s Dialectical Behavior Theory. | Therapy which promotes self-acceptance but also commitment to taking responsibility to change dysfunctions and self-destructive behaviors. It has proven to be affective is severe cases which have not responded to other types of therapy. |
| Who are some candidates for Dialectical Behavior therapy? | 1) Borderline personalities, 2) suicidal patients, 3) severely depressed patients, 4) patients with chronic eating disorders, 5) drug-dependent patients, and 5) patients with chronic pain disorders |
| What method does Dialectic Behavioral therapy utilize? | Mindfulness = people learn to become aware of and tolerate their destructive emotions *without acting on them* |
| Describe the ‘moment-by-moment’ examination utilized in dialectic behavioral therapy. | Patients learn to carefully observe the sequence of emotions, thoughts, sensations, and interactions that typically precede destructive behavior which help the patient break the pattern and regulate these things before they spiral out of control. |
| Describe Jon Kabat-Zinn’s ‘Mindfulness based stress reduction’ (MBSR). | Created at the UMass Medical Center, it focuses on stress reduction/pain management approach based primarily on the practice of mindfulness meditation (being fully attentive and aware within the present of the moment) and yoga. |
| Discuss the view of the ‘family unit’ as being in homeostatic equilibrium. | Family is a self-regulating system which seeks stability and resists change. When under stress, a family might designate one member as ‘ill’ though the ‘symptoms’ stem from dysfunctionality within the family. |
| What is the treatment of choice for childhood disorders, eating disorders, alcoholism, and substance abuse? | Family therapy |
| Is couples therapy a type of family therapy? | Yes (couples may be married or unmarried and heterosexual or homosexual) |
Created by:
stephprater