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social smile
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stranger wariness
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Human Growth Ch. 7

Human Growth and Development Chapter 7

QuestionAnswer
social smile a smile evoked by a human face, normally evident in infants about 6 weeks after birth
stranger wariness an infant's expression of concern - a quiet stare, clinging to a familiar person, or sadness - when a stranger appears
ages when emotions emerge birth: crying, contentment; 6 weeks: social smile; 3 months: laughter,curiosity; 4 months: full, responsive smile; 4-8 months: anger; 9-14 months: fear of social event; 12 months: fear of unexpected sights and sounds; 18 months: self-awareness, pride,
self-awareness one's realization that he or she is a distinct individual, whose body, mind, and actions are separate from those of other people
separation anxiety an infants distress when a familiar caregiver leaves, most obvious between 9 and 14 months
temperament inborn differences between one person and another in emotions, activity, and self-regulation; temperament originates in genes and prenatal develpment and is affected by early experiences
goodness of fit a similarity of temperament and values that produces a smooth interaction between an individual and his or her social context, including family, school, and community
trust vs. mistrust Erikson's first psychosocial crisis; infants learn basic trust if their basic needs (for food, comfort, attention, and so on) are met
autonomy vs. shame and doubt erikson's second crisis of psychosocial development; toddlers either succeed or fail in gaining a sense of self-rule over their own actions and bodies
social learning learning that is accomplished by observing other - both what they do and how other people react to that behavior
working model in cognitive theory, a set of assumptions that the individual uses to organize perceptions and experiences; ex: a person might assume that other people are trustworthy and be surprised by evidence that this working model of human behavior is erroneous
ethnotheory a theory that underlies the values and practices of a culture but is not usually apparent to the people within the culture
proximal parenting caregiving practices that involve being physically close to a baby, with frequent holding and touching
distal parenting caregiving practices that involve remaining distant from a baby, providing toys, food, and face-to-face communication with minimal holding and touching
synchrony a coordinated, rapid, and smooth exchange of responses between a caregiver and an infant
still-face technique an experimental practice in which an adult keeps his or her face unmoving and expressionless in face-to-face interaction with an infant
attachment according to ainsworth, an affectional tie that an infant forms, with a caregiver - a tie that binds them together in space and endures over time
secure attachment (type B) a relationship in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver
insecure-avoidment attachment (type A) a pattern of attachment in which an infant avoids connection with the caregiver, as when the infant seems not to care about the caregivers presence, departure, or return
insecure resistant/ ambivalent attachment (type C) a pattern of attachment in which anxiety and uncertainity are evident, as when an infant becomes very upset at separation from the caregiver and both resists and seeks contant on reunion
disorganized attachment (type D) a type of attcahment that is makred by an infants inconsistent reactions to the caregivers departure and return
strange situation a labaratory procedure for measuring attachment by evoking infants reactions to stress in eight episodes lasting three minutes each
social referencing seeking info about how to react to an unfamiliar or ambiguous object or event by observing someone else's expressions and reactions; that other perosn becomes a social reference
family day care child care that occurs in the home of someone to whom the child is not related and who usually cares for several children of vairous ages
center day care child care that occurs in a place especially designated for the purposes where several paid adults care for many children; ususally the children are grouped by age, the center is liscensed, and providers are trained and certified in child development
preattachment birth to 6 weeks: newborns signal by crying and body movements that they need others
attachment in the making 6 weeks to 8 months: infants respond preferntially to familiar people by smiling, laughing, babbling
classic secure attachment 8 months to 2 years: infants greet the primary caregiver, show separation anxiety, and play happily when caregiver is present
attachment as launching pad 2 to 6 years: young children seek caregiver's praise and reassurance as their social world expands
mutual attachment 6 to 12 years: children seek to make their caregivers proud by learning what adults want them to learn and adults reciprocate
new attachment figures 12 to 18 years: teenagers explore new friendships on their own
attachment revisted 18 years on: adults develop other relationships with romantic partners and children
Created by: sietsmame
 

 



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