Question
click below
click below
Question
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Human Growth Ch. 7
Human Growth and Development Chapter 7
Question | Answer |
---|---|
social smile | a smile evoked by a human face, normally evident in infants about 6 weeks after birth |
stranger wariness | an infant's expression of concern - a quiet stare, clinging to a familiar person, or sadness - when a stranger appears |
ages when emotions emerge | birth: crying, contentment; 6 weeks: social smile; 3 months: laughter,curiosity; 4 months: full, responsive smile; 4-8 months: anger; 9-14 months: fear of social event; 12 months: fear of unexpected sights and sounds; 18 months: self-awareness, pride, |
self-awareness | one's realization that he or she is a distinct individual, whose body, mind, and actions are separate from those of other people |
separation anxiety | an infants distress when a familiar caregiver leaves, most obvious between 9 and 14 months |
temperament | inborn differences between one person and another in emotions, activity, and self-regulation; temperament originates in genes and prenatal develpment and is affected by early experiences |
goodness of fit | a similarity of temperament and values that produces a smooth interaction between an individual and his or her social context, including family, school, and community |
trust vs. mistrust | Erikson's first psychosocial crisis; infants learn basic trust if their basic needs (for food, comfort, attention, and so on) are met |
autonomy vs. shame and doubt | erikson's second crisis of psychosocial development; toddlers either succeed or fail in gaining a sense of self-rule over their own actions and bodies |
social learning | learning that is accomplished by observing other - both what they do and how other people react to that behavior |
working model | in cognitive theory, a set of assumptions that the individual uses to organize perceptions and experiences; ex: a person might assume that other people are trustworthy and be surprised by evidence that this working model of human behavior is erroneous |
ethnotheory | a theory that underlies the values and practices of a culture but is not usually apparent to the people within the culture |
proximal parenting | caregiving practices that involve being physically close to a baby, with frequent holding and touching |
distal parenting | caregiving practices that involve remaining distant from a baby, providing toys, food, and face-to-face communication with minimal holding and touching |
synchrony | a coordinated, rapid, and smooth exchange of responses between a caregiver and an infant |
still-face technique | an experimental practice in which an adult keeps his or her face unmoving and expressionless in face-to-face interaction with an infant |
attachment | according to ainsworth, an affectional tie that an infant forms, with a caregiver - a tie that binds them together in space and endures over time |
secure attachment (type B) | a relationship in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver |
insecure-avoidment attachment (type A) | a pattern of attachment in which an infant avoids connection with the caregiver, as when the infant seems not to care about the caregivers presence, departure, or return |
insecure resistant/ ambivalent attachment (type C) | a pattern of attachment in which anxiety and uncertainity are evident, as when an infant becomes very upset at separation from the caregiver and both resists and seeks contant on reunion |
disorganized attachment (type D) | a type of attcahment that is makred by an infants inconsistent reactions to the caregivers departure and return |
strange situation | a labaratory procedure for measuring attachment by evoking infants reactions to stress in eight episodes lasting three minutes each |
social referencing | seeking info about how to react to an unfamiliar or ambiguous object or event by observing someone else's expressions and reactions; that other perosn becomes a social reference |
family day care | child care that occurs in the home of someone to whom the child is not related and who usually cares for several children of vairous ages |
center day care | child care that occurs in a place especially designated for the purposes where several paid adults care for many children; ususally the children are grouped by age, the center is liscensed, and providers are trained and certified in child development |
preattachment | birth to 6 weeks: newborns signal by crying and body movements that they need others |
attachment in the making | 6 weeks to 8 months: infants respond preferntially to familiar people by smiling, laughing, babbling |
classic secure attachment | 8 months to 2 years: infants greet the primary caregiver, show separation anxiety, and play happily when caregiver is present |
attachment as launching pad | 2 to 6 years: young children seek caregiver's praise and reassurance as their social world expands |
mutual attachment | 6 to 12 years: children seek to make their caregivers proud by learning what adults want them to learn and adults reciprocate |
new attachment figures | 12 to 18 years: teenagers explore new friendships on their own |
attachment revisted | 18 years on: adults develop other relationships with romantic partners and children |