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ppsych 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Trait-descriptive adjectives | adjectives that can be used to describe characteristics of ppl |
| Psychological traits | characteristics that describe ways in which ppl are different from one another and are similar |
| Describe the average tendencies of a person | traits |
| Traits | help describe ppl, explain behavior, and predict future behavior |
| Psychological mechanisms | the processes of personality |
| Most psychological mechanisms involve | information-processing activity |
| 3 essential ingredients of psychological mechanisms | inputs, decision rules, & outputs |
| Make ppl more sensitive to certain kinds of info from environment | input |
| Make them more likely to think about specific options | decision rules |
| May guide behavior towards certain categories of action | outputs |
| Within the individual | something a person carries with them over time from one situation to the next |
| Personality is | somewhat stable over time & somewhat consistent over situations |
| Personality is | organized |
| Organized | traits are linked together in a coherent fashion |
| Influential forces | personality traits & mechanisms can have an effect on ppl’s lives |
| Interactions with situations include | perceptions, selections, evocations, & manipulations |
| Perceptions | how we “see”/ interpret an environment |
| Selection | manner in which we choose situations to enter |
| Evocations | reactions we produce in others, often unintentionally |
| Manipulations | ways in which we intentionally attempt to influence others |
| Adaptive functioning | accomplishing goals, coping, adjusting/ dealing with things throughout life |
| Effective environment | the small subset of features that our psychological mechanisms direct us to attend and respond to |
| Intrapsychic | within the mind; memories, dreams, desires, fantasies |
| Human nature level | like all others |
| Level of individual and group differences | like some others |
| Individual uniqueness level | like no others |
| Human nature | traits/ mechanisms that are typical of our species and are possessed by nearly everyone |
| Human nature trait | desire to live with others & belong to social groups |
| Individual differences | ways in which each person is like some other ppl |
| Differences between groups | ppl in 1 group have features in common that make them different from other groups |
| Nomothetic research | applied to identify universal human characteristics & dimensions of individual/ group differences |
| Idiographic | focuses on a single subject; case study |
| Most research in contemporary personality address | the ways in which individuals and groups differ |
| Researchers in personality study | different domains of knowledge |
| Domains of personality | intrapsychic, cultural, biological |
| Dispositional domain | personality is influenced by the traits a person is born with or develops |
| Biological domain | personality is influenced by biological events |
| Intrapsychic domain | personality is influenced by conflicts within the person’s own mind |
| Cognitive-experimental domain | personality is influenced by personal & private thoughts, feelings, desires, and other subjective experiences |
| Social and cultural domain | personality is influenced by social, cultural, and gendered positions in the world |
| Adjustment domain | personality is influenced by the adjustments the person must make to the challenges of life |
| Dispositional domain | deals centrally with the ways in which individuals differ from one another |
| Cuts across all other domains | dispositional domain |
| 3 areas of research in biological domain | genetics, psychophysiology, & evolution |
| Evolutionary perspective | sheds light of the functional aspects of personality |
| Intrapsychic domain | mental mechanisms, many of which operate outside of conscious awareness |
| Includes defense mechanisms (repressions, denial, projection) | intrapsychic domain |
| Cognitive- experimental domain | cognition, subjective experiences, self-esteem, goals, emotions |
| Adjustment domain | personality features are related to poor adjustment & have been designated as personality disorders |
| Good theory | guides researchers, organizes known findings, makes predictions |
| Guide for researchers | directing them to important questions within an area of research |
| Theories | tested by systematic observations that can be repeated by others and yield similar conclusions |
| 5 scientific standards for evaluating personality theories | comprehensiveness, heuristic value, testability, parsimony, compatibility & testability across domains |
| Comprehensiveness | does the theory do a good job of explaining all of the facts and observations within the domain? |
| Heuristic value | does the theory provide a guide to important new discoveries about personality? |
| Testability | does the theory render precise enough predictions that personality psychologists can test them empirically |
| Parsimony | does the theory contain few premises and assumptions? |
| Rarely used to evaluate the adequacy of personality theories | compatibility and integration across domains and levels |
| ____ trait-descriptive adjectives in English language | 20,000 |
| Personalities are organized in the sense that | they contain decision rules that govern which needs are activated depending on circumstances |
| Personality can be analyzed on ____ levels | 3 |
| Fissure between | grand theories of personality & contemporary research in personality |
| Grand theories of personality | human nature level |
| Contemporary research | individual & group differences |
| Within each domain | methods for asking questions; known facts; theoretical explanations |
| Theoretical explanations | account for what is known about personality from the perspective of each domain |
| Field of personality can be separated into ___ domains | 6 |
| 2 key elements of each domain | theory & empirical research |
| Dispositional domain | interest in # and nature of fundamental dispositions |
| Psychophysiology | what is known about the basis of personality in terms of the nervous system functioning |
| Power motives, achievement motives, intimacy motives | intrapsychic domain |
| At the level of individual differences within cultures | personality plays itself out in the social sphere |
| Social sphere | relationships between men and women/ gender |
| Adjustment domain | health problems & personality disorders |
| Testability of a theory | rests with the precision of its predictions |
| Precise theoretical predictions | allow inadequate theories to be discarded and good theories to be retained |
| Mechanisms | “the how” |
| Situation | includes environment & culture |
| Personality | isn’t random, is relatively organized & predictable |
| Personality doesn’t | exist in isolation |
| Group differences | cultural & age differences/ demographics |
| Individuals can be studies | nomothetically or ideographically |
| Nomothetically | compare individual to average of group |
| Roughly equivalent to | theories |
| Integrating domains | gives us the whole personality/ whole picture |
| Schema | framework used to understand the world |
| Trait domain | dispositional domain |
| Uses the most statistics | dispositional domain |
| Dispositional domain | factor analysis used |
| Biological domain | cuts across other domains in that it provides building blocks |
| Biological domain | interested in environmental effects |
| Behavioral genetics | heritability quotient |
| Psychophysiological | neurotransmitters, circadian rhythms |
| Evolutionary | adaptive traits |
| Cognitive-experimental domain | thoughts, feelings, beliefs, & desires about oneself and others |
| Cognitive-experimental domain | self & self-concept |
| Social & cultural domain | we affect & are affected by each sphere |
| Social & cultural domain | all humans have common set of concerns they struggle with in the social sphere |
| Personality research is informed by | personality theory |
Created by:
alxt