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English Review Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 1. Abstract | refers to ideas, conditions, and qualities we cannot directly perceive Ex: truth, love, courage, poverty |
| 2. Allegory | a story in which people, things, and actions represent an idea or generalization about life Ex: Lord of the Flies |
| 3. Allusion | to refer to a person, place, or thing believed to be common knowledge; may point to a famous event, familiar saying, noted personality, etc Ex: The statement “The game was Coach Johnson’s Waterloo” refers to Napoleon’s defeat in that battle |
| 4. Analogy | An extended comparison to make people aware of the major similarities between the 2 and help them comprehend the meaning the writer is trying to convey Ex: “Hope is the thing with feathers / That perches in the soul” |
| 5. Anecdote | a brief narrative/retelling of a story/event Ex: In a biography of Samuel Johnson, Bates talks about Johnson rolling down a hill (random story) to show his boyishness |
| 6. Apostrophe | a figure of speech in which an absent person, idea or object is directly addressed by the speaker, often beginning with ‘O’ Ex: “O pardon me, thou bleeding piece of earth |
| 7. Rational Appeal | reasoning; relies on established conventions of logic/evidence Ex: Fair trade agreements raised the quality of life for coffee producers so these agreements can help other farmers too |
| Emotional Appeal | asks readers to respond out of beliefs, values, or feelings Ex: “You have been the veterans of creative suffering. Continue to work with the faith that unearned suffering is redemptive” |
| Ethical Appeal | stresses the writer’s intelligence, competence, fairness, morality, etc Ex: citing specialist Lisa H. Weasel says that GM foods are needed to sustain the population for credibility |
| 8. Cause/Effect | method of development where writer analyzes reasons and consequences for decisions Ex: Scarlet Letter -- cause: Hester’s adultery; effect: public is against her and she is an outcast |
| 9. Chiasmus | arrangement of repeated thoughts in XYYX Ex: I went to the office; to the office went he |
| 10. Classification | method in which writer sorts out things into categories Ex: Dogs/dolphins are mammals, ducks are birds |
| 11. Cliche | worn, out expression that a writer employs, overused Ex: “old as the hills” |
| 13. & 14. Comparison & Contrast | examine similarities/diff between 2 things Ex: bananas & apples are both fruit but apples have more variety |
| 15. Description | conveys evidence of the 5 senses Ex: bright red car screeching down the road |
| 16. Diction | the choice of words Ex: Bro you be trippin’ yo is low diction |
| 17. Euphemism | the use of inoffensive language in place of language that readers or listeners may find objectionable Ex: “Sanitation engineer” instead of “trash man” |
| 18. Evidence | the factual basis for an argument or an explanation Ex: the experts have deduced that there aren't direct risks linked to GM foods |
| 20. Exposition | the mode of prose writing that explains its subject Ex: Prologue of “Romeo & Juliet” |
| 21. Fallacies | errors in reasoning Ex: She’s stupid so don’t vote for her. (Ad hominem fallacy) |
| 22. Flashback | technique of narrative in which the sequence of events is interrupted to recall an earlier period |
| 23. Hyperbole | conscious exaggeration Ex: I’m so hungry I could eat a horse |
| 24. Illustration | method of development in which the writer provides instances of a general idea Ex: General idea - NASA has produced useful inventions Illustration - “Among these are the smoke detector; the inflatable air bag to protect drivers and pilots... |
| 25. Image/imagery | a word or word sequence that evokes a sensory experience/ the use of images to add concreteness to fiction Ex: The farm looked as tiny and still as a seashell, with the little knob of a house surrounded by its curved furrows of tomato plants |
| 26.Irony | a manner of writing/speaking that implies a discrepancy |
| Verbal irony | intentional use of words to suggest a nonliteral meaning Ex: “Let’s drink to your health.” (said by a killer to his intended victim) |
| Dramatic irony | when the reader knows something crucial that the characters don’t Ex: In Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck, when Curly’s wife offers to let Lenny touch her hair, she doesn’t know that Lenny often kills mice when he tries to pet them, but we as readers do |
| Situational irony | when the circumstances run contrary to expectation Ex: Juliet awakes to a dead Romeo, who believed she was dead and killed himself. |
| 27. Jargon | the special vocab of a trade; inflated, vague, meaningless language Ex: The motivated force compelling her to opt for the most labor |
| 28. Juxtaposition | Placing two ideas side by side so hat their closeness creates a new, often ironic meaning Ex: In Huck Finn, Huck and Jim are juxtaposed. They travel down the Mississippi on the same raft, yet are treated very differently b/c of their color |
| 29. Metaphor | declares one thing to be another; departs from literal meaning of words for the sake of emphasis/vividness Ex: “A mighty fortress is our God” |
| 30. Metonymy | The substituting of one word for another which is closely related to it Ex: The White House has decided to provide more public service jobs (“The White House” substitutes for president) |
| 31. Narrative | the telling of a story/series of events Ex: First I went to the store. Then I bought some milk and then I went to the vegetable aisle. |
| 32. Oxymoron | A combination of contradictory terms Ex: “Cruel kindness” |
| 33. Pace | the monetary stopping in a speech; combination of rates, selected for their appropriateness to the message Ex: “These are times that try men’s souls. (Long Pause) The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot…” Use of punctuation also affects pace |
| 34. Paradox | – A figure of speech that is a seemingly contradictory statement that, on reflection, makes sense Ex: “Children are the poor person’s wealth” |
| 35. Parallelism | keeping ideas of equal importance in similar grammatical form Ex: “Out of my bed, into my shoes, up to my classroom” |
| 36. Persuasion | a mode of writing intended to influence people’s actions by engaging their beliefs and feelings Ex: Today there is more pressure placed on students to do well in school. This new pressure is what’s causing the increase in cheating |
| 37. Purpose | A writer’s reason for trying to convey a particular idea Ex: MLK’s “I Have a Dream” speech is to show the harmful effects of segregation and bring about a change in gov. policies |
| 38. Repetition | the repeating of words or phrases to add a sense of balance and rhythm to a piece of writing Ex: “of the people, by the people, and for the people” |
| 39. Rhetorical Question | A question posed for effect; requires no answer Ex: “When will the US learn that sending people in space does not feed them on Earth?” |
| 40. Satire | A form of writing that employs wit to attack folly Ex: “Poisoning the Earth can be difficult b/c the Earth is always trying to cleanse and renew itself” |
| 41. Simile | States the comparison directly connecting two things, usually using like, as, or than Ex: He was like a dolphin. |
| 42. Slang | Certain words in highly informal speech Ex: dawg |
| 43. Strategy | Whatever means a writer employs to write effectively Ex: MLK’s speech uses persuasion, argument, ethos, pathos, etc. |
| 44. Style | Evaluation of the sum of the choices an author makes in blending diction, figurative language, and other literary devices Ex: Emerson = transcendentalist |
| 45. Syllogism | A three-step form of reasoning that employs deduction: major premise; minor premise; conclusion Ex: All men are mortal. Socrates is a man. Therefore, Socrates is mortal. |
| 46. Symbol | Anything that represents or stands for something else. |
| Natural Symbol | Use objects and occurrances from nature to represent ideas associated with them. Ex: Dawn=hope |
| Conventional Symbol | Symbols that have been invested with meaning by a group Ex: Skull and cross bones=pirates |
| Literary Symbol | Symbols that are found in a variety of works and are generally recognized Ex: Moby Dick=Man’s fears/challenges |
| 47. Synecdoche | use of one thing to represent a whole Ex: all hands on deck = a whole person |
| 48. Tone | way the writer expresses view and attitude with words and syntax Ex: MLK’s I Have a Dream speech = optimistic and rallying |
| 49. Transitions | words, phrases, etc. that relate ideas (THREADS) Ex: “furthermore” |
| 50. Understatement | opposite of hyperbole; creates humorous/ironic effect Ex: “i accepted the ride. i didn’t feel like walking across the desert” |
| 51. Personification | simile/metaphor assigns human traits to objects/abstractions Ex: the wind howled |
| 52. Syntax | way author joins words into phrases/sentences Ex: In Huck Finn, sentences = terse when he feels tense at the sight of his father “The widow. She told me.” |
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