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Psychology
Exploring Psychology, Myers 8th ed Module 1
Question | Answer |
---|---|
Who is Wilhelm Wundt? | He established the first psychology lab at the University of Leipzig, Germany. |
Who is Mary Whiton Caulkings? | The pioneering memory researcher and the first woman to be the president of the American Psychological Association. |
Who is Margret Flo Washburn? | The first woman to receive a psychology Ph. D. She synthesized animal behavior research. |
What is behaviorism? | the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psycholo- gists today agree with (1) but not with (2). |
What is humanistic psychology? | historically sig- nificant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual’s potential for personal growth. |
What is cognitive neuroscience? | the interdiscipli- nary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language). |
What is psychology? | the science of behavior and mental processes. |
Who is John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner? | Working with Rayner, Watson championed psychology as the science of behavior. Together, they demonstrated conditioned responses on a baby who became famous as “Little Albert.” |
Who is B. F. Skinner? | A leading behaviorist, Skinner rejected intro- spection and studied how consequences shape behavior. |
What is levels of analysis? | the differing comple- mentary views, from biological to psycho- logical to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon. |
What is biopsychosocial approach? | an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis. |
How the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences | Neuroscience |
How the natural selection of traits promoted the survival of genes | Evolutionary |
How much our genes and our environment influence our individual differences | Psychodynamic |
Behavioral | How we learn observable responses |
Cognitive | How we encode, process, store, and retrieve information |
How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures | Social-cultural |
What is behaviorism? | the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to the mental process |
What is humanistic psychology | historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potentially of healthy people and the individuals potential for personal growth |
What is cognitive neuroscience? | the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language) |
What is psychology? | the science of behavior and the mental processes |
What is the nature-nurture issue? | the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today’s science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture. |
What is levels of analysis? | the differing complementary views, from the biological to the psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon |
What is biophychosocial approach? | an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis. |
What is basic research? | pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base. |
What is counseling psychology? | a branch of psychology that assists people woth problems in clinical psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well being |
What is clinical psychiatry? | a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical ( drug ) treatments as well as psychological therapy |
What is SQ3R? | a study method incorporation five steps: survey, question, read, rehearse, review |
Who is Wilhelm Wundt? | established the 1st psychology laboratory at the University if Leipzig, Germany |
Who is Sigmund Frued? | famed personality theorist and therapist who's controversial ideas have influenced many peoples self understanding |
Who is William James? | legendary teacher-writer who mentored Mary Whiton Calkins |
Who is Mary Whiton Calkins? | became a pioneering memory researcher and the first woman to be the president of the American Psychological Association |
Who is Margaret Floy Washburn? | The first woman to receive a psychology Ph.D, synthesized animal behavior research in The Animal Mind |
Who is John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner? | Together the demonstrated conditioned responses on a baby who became famous as "Little Albert" |
Who is B.F. Skinner? | a leading behaviorist who rejected introspection and studied how consequences shape behavior |
Who said "Once expanded to the dimensions of a larger idea, [the mind] never returns to its original size." | Oliver Wendell Holmes, 1809-1894 |
What began as a "science of mental life"? | psychology |
In what year appeared the first psychology lab? | 1879 |
Who launched the first psychology lab? | Wilhelm Wundt and his students |
When did psychology evolve into the "scientific study of observable behavior" and who influenced that? | 1920's, behaviorist |
When did psychology become widely know as the "science of behavior and mental processes" and what brought about that change? | 1960's, the cognitive revolution |
What is psychology's biggest issue? | nature-nurture issue |
What are the different perspectives that psychologists study? | neuroscience, evolutionary, behavior genetics, psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, and social-cultural |
What are the subfields of those who specialize in basic research? | biological, developmental, cognitive, personality, and social psychology |
What are the subfields of those who specialize in clinical/counseling psychology? | practice as a helping profession; they study, assess, and treat (with psychotherapy) people with psychological disorders |
What is the difference in a Psychologist and a Psychiatrist? | Psychiatrist are medical doctors and are able to prescribe medication |
In 1879, in psychology's 1st experiment (_________) and his students measured the time lag between hearing a ball hit a platform and pressing a key? | Wilhelm Wundt |
A prominent psychology text was published in 1890. Its author was... | William James |
In the early 20th century, (________) redefined psychology as "the science of observable behavior". | John B. Watson |
In the history of psychology, a major topic has been the relative influence of nature and nurture. Nature is to nurture as... | biology is to experience |
The perspective in psychology that focuses on how behavior and though differ from situation to situation and from culture to culture is the perspective of... | social-cultural |
A psychologist treating emotionally troubled adolescents at a mental health agency is most likely to be what kind of psychologist? | clinical psychologist |
What was the first psychology experiment? | using a machine to measure the lag time (by pressing a telegraph key) between hearing a ball hit the floor and being consciously aware of the ball hitting the floor |
What was Wundt seeking to measure in his awareness experiment? | atoms of the mind |
What was Wilhelm Wundt and where was he from? | philosopher and physiologist, Germany |
Who was Ivan Pavlov,what was he, and where was he from? | pioneered the study of learning, Russian physiologist |
What did Sigmund Freud develop, what was he, and where was he from? | developed an influential theory of personality, Austrian physician |
Who was Jean Piaget, what did he do, and where was he from? | last century's most influential observer of children, Swiss biologist |
Who was William James, what was he, and where was he from? | author of an important textbook, American philosopher |
What did Mary Calkins do but was unable to achieve? | she completed all the requirements to receive a Harvard Ph.D but was denied because she was a woman. |
Where was Mary Calkins offered a degree from? | Radcliffe College, the undergraduate sister school of Harvard for women |
When did Mary Calkins become the president of the APA? | 1905 |
What was early psychology's focus? | introspection |
What is introspection? | focusing on inner sensations, images, and feelings |
Early psychology was considered "the science of ______" | mental life |
Between the 1920's and 60's who helped to redefine psychology? | John B. Watson and B.F Skinner |
During the 20's to the 60's psychology became know as " the scientific study of _____ _____'? | observable behavior |
Who were Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow? | humanistic psychologist who would rather focus on the current environmental influences and the importance of having out needs for love and acceptance satisfied |
What began in the 1960's to recapture psychology's initial interest in the mental process? | the cognitive revolution |
Psychology today is know as "the science of ______ and _______ ______" | behavioral and mental processes |
The nature-nurture controversy began with who? | Plato and Aristotle |
What is the focus of the perspective neuroscience? | how the body and brain enable emotion, memories, and sensory experiences |
What is the focus of the perspective of evolutionary? | how the natural selection of our traits promoted the survival of genes |
What is the focus of the perspective of behavior genetics? | how much our genes and environment influence our individual differences |
What is the focus of the perspective of psychodynamic? | how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts |
What is the focus of the perspective of behavioral? | how we learn observable responses |
What is the focus of the perspective of cognitive? | how we encode, precess, store, and retrieve information |
What is the focus of the perspective of social-cultural? | how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures |
What does a biological psychologist do? | explores the links between brain and mind |
What does a developmental psychologist do? | studies our changing abilities from womb to tomb |
What does a cognitive psychologist do? | experiment on how we perceive, think, and solve problems |
What does a social psychologist do? | explore how we view and affect one another |
What does a industrial-organizational psychologist do? | uses concepts and methods to help organizations and companies select and train employees, boost morale and productivity, design products, and implement systems |
What does a counseling psychologist do? | helps people to cope with challenges and crisis and to improve their personal and social functioning |
What does a clinical psychologist do? | assess and treat mental, emotional, and behavior disorders |
What do psychiatrist do? | often provide psychotherapy and are medical doctors who are able to prescribe medications |
What is the interdisciplinary study of psychohistory? | the psychological analysis of historical characters |
What is the interdisciplinary study of psycholinguistics? | the study of language and thinking |