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Chapter 13
The Endocrine System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| acromegaly | a chronic metabolic condition characterized by gradual, noticeable enlargement and elongation of the bones of the face, jaw, and extremities due to oversecretion of the pituitary gland after puberty |
| adenohypophysis | the anterior pituitary gland |
| adenopathy** | any disease of a gland, characterized by enlargement |
| adrenocortical | pertaining to the cortex of the adrenal gland(s) |
| androgen** | any steroid hormone that increases male characteristics |
| cortex | pertaining to the outer region of an organ or structure |
| cretinism** | a congenital condition (one that occurs at birth) caused by a lack of thyroid secretion, this condition is characterized by dwarfism, slowed mental development, puffy facial features, dry skin, and large tongue |
| diabetes insipidus | a metabolic disorder characterized by extreme polydipsia (excessive thirst) and polyuria (excessive urination); this disorder of the pituitary gland due to a deficiency in secretion of the antidiuretic hormone |
| endocrine gland | a ductless gland that produces a chemical substance called a hormone, which is secreted directly into the bloodstream instead of exiting the body through ducts |
| endocrinologist | a physician who specializes in the medical practice of treating the diseases and disorders of the endocrine system |
| endocrinology** | the field of medicine that deals with the study of the endocrine system and of the treatment of the diseases and disorders of the endocrine system |
| estrogen | one of the female hormones that promotes the development of female secondary sex characteristics |
| euthyroid | pertaining to a normally functioning thyroid gland |
| exophthalmia | an abnormal condition characterized by a marked outward protrusion of the eyeballs |
| glucagon** | a hormone secreted by the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas that stimulates the liver to convert glycogen into glucose |
| glucogenesis | the formation of the glycogen from fatty acids and proteins instead of carbohydrates |
| glycogenesis | the conversion of excess glucose into glycogen for storage in the liver for later use as needed |
| glycogenolysis** | process of releasing glucose into the bloodstream, thereby raising the overall blood glucose level |
| glycosuria | the presence of sugar in the urine |
| Graves' Disease | overactivity of the thyroid gland |
| growth hormone** | a hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that regulates the cellular processes necessary for normal body growth; also called somatotropic hormone |
| hypercalcemia | elevated blood calcium level |
| hyperglycemia | elevated blood sugar level |
| hypergonadism | excessive activity of the ovaries or testes |
| hyperinsulinism** | an excessive amount of insulin in the body |
| hyperkalemia | an elevated blood potassium level |
| hypernatremia | an elevated blood sodium level |
| hyperthyroidism | overactivity of the thyroid gland; also called Graves' disease |
| hyperparathyroidism | hyperactivity of any of the four parathyroid glands, resulting in an oversecretion of parathyroid hormone |
| hyperpituitarism | overactivity of the anterior love of the pituitary gland |
| hypocalcemia** | less than normal blood calcium level |
| hypoglycemia | less than normal blood sugar level |
| hypokalemia** | less than normal blood potassium level |
| hyponatremia | less than normal blood sodium level |
| hypothyroidism | less than normal activity of the thyroid gland |
| insulin shock | a state of shock due to extremely low blood sugar level caused by an overdose of insulin, a decreased intake of food, or excessive exercise by a diabetic patient who is insulin dependent; severe hypoglycemia is a medical emergency |
| medulla** | the internal part of a structure or organ |
| metabolism** | the sum of all physical and chemical processes that take place within the body |
| myxedema | the most severe form of hypothyroidism in the adult; this condition is characterized by puffiness of the hands and face; coarse, thickened edematous skin; an enlarged tongue; slow speech; loss of and dryness of the hair; sensitivity to cold; drowsiness |
| oxytocin** | a hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland; this hormone stimulates the contractions of the uterus during childbirth and stimulates the release of milk from the breasts of lactating women in response to the suckling reflex of the infant |
| polydipsia** | excessive thirst |
| polyphagia | excessive eating |
| polyuria | the excretion of excessively large amounts of urine |
| progesterone | a female hormone secreted by the ovaries; this hormone is primarily responsible for the changes that occur in the endometrium in anticipation of a fertilized ovum, and for development of the maternal placenta after implantation of a fertilized ovum |
| somatotropic hormone** | a hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that regulates the cellular processes necessary for normal body growth; also called the growth hormone |
| syndrome** | a group of symptoms occuring together, indicative of a particular disease or abnormality |
| tetany** | a condition characterized by severe cramping and twitching of the muscles and sharp flexion of the wrist and ankle joints' a complication of hypocalcemia |
| thyroiditis** | inflammation of the thyroid gland |
| virilism** | the development of masculine physical traits in the female; also called masculinization; this condition may be due to an abnormality or dysfunction of the adrenal gland |
| acromegaly | a chronic metabolic condition characterized by the gradual noticeable enlargement and elongation of the bones of the face, jaw, and extremities due to hypersecretion of the human growth hormone after puberty |
| diabetes insipidus | a condition caused by a deficiency in the secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by the posterior pituitary gland, characterized by large amounts of urine and sodium being excreted from the body |
| dwarfism | generalized growth of retardation of the body due to the deficiency of the human growth hormone; also known as congenital hypopituitarism |
| gigantism | a proportional overgrowth of the body's tissue due to the hypersecretion of the human growth hormone before puberty |
| goiter simple | hyperplasia of the thyroid gland |
| hypothyroidism | a condition in which there is a shortage of thyroid hormone, causing an extremely low body metabolism due to a reduced usage of oxygen; also called myxedema in the most severe form |
| thyroiditis, chronic | chronic inflammation of the thyroid gland, leading to enlargement of the thyroid gland |
| thyroid storm** | an acute, sometimes fatal, incident of the overactivity of the thyroid gland resulting in excessive secretion of thyroid hormone |
| thyrotoxicosis** | an acute, sometimes fatal, incident of overactivity of the thyroid gland resulting in excessive secretion of thyroid hormone |
| hyperparathyroidism | overactivity of any one of the parathyroid glands, which leads to high levels of calcium in the blood and low levels of calcium in the bones |
| Addison's disease | a life-threatening disease process due to failure of the adrenal cortex to secrete adequate mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids resulting from an autoimmune process, a neoplasm, an infection, or a hemorrhage in the gland |
| Cushing's Syndrome | a condition of the adrenal gland in which there is a cluster of symptoms occuring as a result of an excessive amount of cortisol or ACTH circulating in the blood |
| diabetes mellitus | a disorder of the pancreas in which the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas fail to produce an adequate amount of insulin, resulting in the body's inability to appropriately metabolize carbohydrates, fats, and proteins |
| diabetic retinopathy | a disorder of the blood vessels of the retina of the eye, in which the capillaries of the retina experience localized areas of bulging (microaneurysms, hemorrhages, leakage, and scarring |
| gestational diabetes | a disorder in which women who are not diabetic before pregnancy develop diabetes during pregnancy |
| pancreatic cancer | a life-threatening primary malignant neoplasm typically found in the head of the pancreas |
| pancreatitis | an acute or chronic destructive inflammatory condition of the pancreas |
| fasting blood sugar (FBS) | blood glucose sample taken usually early in the morning after the person has been without food or drink since midnight |
| glucose tolerance test (GTT) | a test that evaluates the person's ability to tolerate a concentrated oral glucose load by measuring the glucose levels |
| hemoglobin A1C Test (HgbA1C) | blood test that shows the average level of glucose in an individual's blood during the last 3 months; a small sample of blood is collected from a vein (usually an arm vein) and is sent to the lab for analysis |
| serum glucose tests** | measure the amount of glucose in the blood at the time the sample was drawn |
| thyroid function tests | tests that measure the blood levels of the hormones T3, T4, and TSH |
| thyroid scan** | an examination that determines the position, size, shape, and physiological function of the thyroid gland through the use of radionuclear scanning |
| thyroid stimulating hormone | a test that measures the concentration of TSH in the blood |
Created by:
ksroka