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Chap 1 and 2
Nutrition
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is true about the typical American diet is true? | intake of whole grains is less than recommended and more energy is consumed than expended |
| A processed food is defined as: | any food that has beeen changed from its natural state |
| A(n) _____ nutrient is the correct term for nutrients that must be provided in the diet because the body cannot make them or cannot make then in sufficient quantities to satisfy its needs. | essential |
| If a prepared food has vitamins added to it before it is sold to the consumer, that food item can be described as | fortified |
| The substances that are found in a plant food which cannot be made by the human body and are not necessary to sustain life, but are believed to have healthful benefits, are called . | phytochemicals |
| Which of the following groupings correctly identifies the energy nutrients | protein, lipids, and carbohydrates |
| Nutrients are classified as micronutrients and macronutrients. Which of the following is not considered a macronutrient? | vitamins |
| Which of the following nutrient classes is NOT classified as organic | minerals |
| The energy needed for all life processes is meassured in . | kilocalories |
| The principal role of which one of the energy nutrients is “growth and maintenance of body structures”? | protein |
| Amino acids are correctly described as sub units of _____? | proteins |
| Which of the following is correct for the number of kilocalories provided per gram respectively by carbohydrate : fat : protein? | 4 : 9 : 4 |
| Which of the following correctly represents the approximate percentage of water in the human body by weight? | 60 |
| There are many mechanisms in the human body that function to keep the body temperature, heart rate, and blood sugar relatively constant. This constant steady state is called | homeostasis |
| Nutrient density correctly refers to which of the following? | the amount of a particular nutrient compared to the amount of kilocalories that the food provides |
| One important principle of a healthy diet is to eat a variety of foods. “Variety” means | choose a variety of foods from within food groups as well as from among the food groups |
| The recommendation to eat everything in moderation refers to ... | selecting appropriate portion sizes |
| The correct sequence of events in the scientific method is: | make an observation, develop an hypothesis, conduct the experiment, form a theory |
| 19. In a properly designed scientific experiment, the group that is NOT subject to treatment is called the _____ group. | control |
| In a controlled study, if neither the subjects nor the investigators know which subjects are receiving intervention, the study is called a(n) _____ study. | double-blind |
| Researchers study whether caffeine has any effect on short-term memory. In the first part of the study, two groups of volunteers are given capsules that look identical. Group A receives caffeine and Group B receives a harmless neutral substance. Group B | placebo |
| Approximately 1,000 high school students were asked to keep a record of what supplemental vitamins they took and how many colds they had over the course of a year. The amount of vitamin C consumed was compared with the students’ incidence of colds. This i | observational |
| One group of individuals is asked to eat a diet high in fruits, vegetables, and dairy foods while a second group of individuals is asked to eat a diet with lower amounts of the same foods. The blood pressure of each individual in each group is monitored | intervention |
| Which of the following is NOT a component of a valid nutrition experiment | opinions of the researchers |
| Which is NOT a true statement about nutritional studies using animals? | Results from animal studies can be readily extended to the human population. |
| The smallest units of an element that still retain the properties of that element are ... | atoms |
| After swallowing, in what order does food pass through the structures of the digestive tract? | stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, large intestine |
| Transit time is determined by the rate at which food | moves through the digestive tract |
| The layer of the digestive tract that secretes mucus into the lumen is the _____ layer | mucosa |
| Protein molecules that speed up the rate of specific biochemical reactions in the body without being changed themselves are called _____ | enzymes |
| The processes performed on food and the movement of food through the digestive tract is regulated by the ... | endocrine and nervous systems |
| Which of the following digestive secretions functions as a “chemical messenger”? | hormones |
| Which of the following structures prevents food from entering the trachea (windpipe)? | epiglottis |
| The contents of the digestive tract are moved along by rhythmic muscular contractions called | peristalsis |
| When the gastroesophageal sphincter contracts, food . | is prevented from reentering the esophagus from the stomach |
| Parietal cells of the stomach produce | hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor |
| The hormone gastrin is released in response to ... | the presence of food in the stomach |
| The formation of chyme occurs in which organ of the digestive tract? | stomach |
| The primary site of nutrient absorption is in the ... | small intestine |
| In which of the following organs are villi found? | small intestine |
| Bile is produced in the _____ and stored in the _____. It functions in the digestion of _____. | liver : gallbladder : fat |
| The hormone secretin signals the _____ to secrete bicarbonate and digestive enzymes and also stimulates the _____ to secrete _____ into the gallbladder. | pancreas : liver : bile |
| The hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) signals the _____ to secrete digestive enzymes and causes the _____ to contract and release _____ into the duodenum. | pancreas : gallbladder : bile |
| The absorption of nutrients by simple diffusion requires ... | a concentration gradient |
| The process of osmosis is most like ... | simple diffusion |
| Which of the following processes uses energy from the cell to be accomplished | active transport |
| In which of the following processes does a substance move from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration | active transport |
| An important function of the large intestine is the absorption of ... | water and some vitamins and minerals |
| After water soluble nutrients are absorbed, they are carried to the _____ through the _____. | liver : hepatic portal vein |
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