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Lecture 12/5
U of M psych 303 Methods
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Threats to internal validity: history effects | any event that occurs between the first and second measurements but is not part of the manipulation. |
| Threats to internal validity: instrument decay | basic characteristics of the measuring instrument change over time. – Observers and subjects grow bored and information becomes less accurate. |
| Threats to internal validity: testing effects | Taking the pretest itself changes people’s behavior. – could sensitize people to purpose of test. |
| Threats to internal validity: maturation effects | - changes that occur systematically over time (fatigue, hunger, intelligence, aging, etc.). – i.e., children |
| Threats to internal validity: regression towards the mean | - When participants are selected because they score extremely high or low on some variable; scores tend to change in the direction of the mean when tested again. |
| Threats to internal validity: election diffs | variance in the way participants were selected for the experiment. |
| program evaluation: needs assessment | asks whether there are problems that need to be addressed in a target population. |
| program evaluation: program theory assessment | asks if the program is based on valid assumptions about the causes of the problems and whether the program addresses the needs in appropriate ways. |
| program evaluation: process evaluation (program monitoring) | monitors the implementation of the program to determine if it is reaching the target population, attracting enough clients, is the staff providing the right services, etc.? |
| program evaluation: outcome evaluation (impact assessment) | asks whether the intended goals are being realized. |
| program evaluation: efficiency assessment | asks whether the resources used to implement the program was “worth it”. |
| one group posttest only design (quasi-experimental designs) | Ex: If you sit close to a stranger (on a bus, subway, etc), will the stranger move away? |
| one group pretest posttest design (quasi-experimental designs | – test people before and after independent variable. (compare people to themselves). |
| nonequivalent control group design (quasi-experimental designs) | Large company wants to reduce smoking for employees to reduce health care costs. Offers free program Smokers who volunteer for smoking cessation are one group, smokers who did not volunteer are nonequivalent control group. Problem: groups are not equal |
| nonequivalent control group with posttest design (quasi-experimental designs) | one of the most useful designs, can see if groups differed before and if there are any changes after manipulation |
| interrupted time series (quasi-experimental designs) | Evidence for treatment effects occurs when there are abrupt changes (discontinuities) in the time series data at the time treatment was implemented |
| control series (quasi-experimental designs) | find a control group for a time series design. |
| Langer and Rodin study | used nonequivalent control groups to study the effects of different types of communication in nursing homes. Responsibility group: given responsibility and control over arrangement of their rooms and activities. |
| Langer and Rodin study (continued) | Comparison group: Most activities and responsibilities were given to nursing staff. In questionnaire responsibility group reported being happier. (1976) |
| external validity | validity of generalized (causal) inferences in experiments |
| waiting list control | can compare people on waiting list to those getting treatment |
| cross sectional method | compare different age groups. Problem: Cohort effects |
| longitudinal method | Study the same people at ages 20, 30, and 40. Problem: Costly, takes 20 years! Participant mortality. |
| sequential method | combine cross-sectional and longitudinal methods. |
Created by:
rnwalk