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hist final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Alexander of Macedon's invasion in 327 B.C.E. caused political chaos that eventually led to the unification of what country? | India |
| The harsh political philosophy of Chandragupta Maurya and Kautalya is recorded in the | Arthashastra |
| The Mauryan emperor, Ashoka, fought his bloodiest battle against | Kalinga |
| After the collapse of the Mauryan dynasty, northwest India was controlled by the Bactrians, who spoke | Greek |
| The Kushans in India reached their peak under | Kanishka |
| Politically, the Guptas | left local government and administration in the hands of their allies. |
| One of the biggest transformations of the caste system during this period was | the rise of guilds, which essentially served as jati |
| The Jains adhered to the principle of nonviolence to other living things or their souls, which is expressed in the word | ahimsa |
| The greatest social contribution of the Jains was | the fact that they did not recognize social hierarchies based on caste |
| The fundamental doctrine of Buddhism was known as the | four noble truths |
| The political structure of the ancient Greeks | usually consisted of independent, autonomous city-states |
| The Mycenaeans received early, indirect influence from the Egyptians and Phoenicians through their contact with the | Minoans |
| The Spartans were constantly afraid of the prospect of an uprising by serfs known as | helots |
| The leader who forged a compromise between Athens's social classes by allowing the aristocrats to keep their land while also providing representation for the common classes was | Solon |
| Under whose leadership did Athens become the most sophisticated of the poleis? | Pericles |
| In The Republic, Plato proposed that the true rulers of society should be | philosopher kings |
| Rome's monumental struggle with the Carthaginians was known as the | Punic Wars |
| The last of the Ptolemaic rulers was | Cleopatra |
| The reign of Augustus inaugurated a period known as the | pax romana |
| Jesus of Nazareth's followers called him "Christ," which meant | "the anointed one." |
| The easternmost point of the silk roads was the Han capital of | Chang'an |
| Buddhism was spread to China by | foreign merchants |
| The Nestorians were | a Christian community that emphasized the human nature of Jesus |
| The prophet who promoted a syncretic blend of Zoroastrian, Christian, and Buddhist elements into a religious faith that would serve the needs of a cosmopolitan world was | Mani |
| By around the year 600 C.E., the ravages of epidemic disease had caused both the Mediterranean and Chinese populations to fall by | at least a quarter |
| In the year 184 C.E., peasant discontent in China led to an uprising known as the | yellow turban rebellion |
| The "barracks emperors" were | the twenty-six Roman emperors between 235 and 284 C.E |
| After 340 C.E., the capital of the Roman world became | Constantinople |
| In 476 C.E., Rome finally fell to | Odovacer |
| Christians were allowed to openly practice their religion when the emperor Constantine issued the Edict of | Milan |
| According to Procopius, two sixth-century Christian monks undertook an elaborate smuggling operation to provide Byzantium with the knowledge to produce | silk |
| The only classical society that survived in the centuries after 400 C.E. was the | Byzantine empire |
| The most important political feature of the Byzantine state was | its tightly centralized rule under a powerful emperor |
| Justinian's most important and long-lasting political achievement was | his codification of Roman law |
| The theme system | made land available to the peasants in return for military service |
| Which of the following describes education in Byzantium? | Basic literacy was widespread in Byzantine society |
| In 1054 the pope in Rome and the patriarch in Constantinople | mutually excommunicated each other |
| The Fourth Crusade, in early 1204 | Sacked Constantinople and caused extreme harm to the Byzantine Empire |
| The Byzantine Empire suffered a devastating loss to the Saljuqs in 1071 at the Battle of | Manzikert |
| The rise of Orthodox Christianity in Russia was helped by the conversion in 989 of | Prince Vladimir |
| In 595, Muhammad married a wealthy widow named | Khadija |
| After the death of Muhammad, political leadership fell to a caliph by the name of | Abu Bakr |
| The Shia believed that | the caliphate should follow the line of Ali |
| The victorious Arabic armies of the Umayyad dynasty | allowed the conquered peoples to practice their own religions |
| The capital of the Abbasid empire was | Baghdad |
| What new industry, transmitted to the Islamic world from China, was introduced during the Abbasid period | paper manufacture |
| Islamic banks honored letters of credit, which could be drawn on the parent bank, known as | sakk |
| The Sufis believed | in an emotional and mystical union with Allah |
| The main Indian influence on Islamic thought was in the field of | mathematics |
| The main influence on the thought of Ibn Rushd was | aristotle |
| The Sui construction of which of these items would have important economic implications well into the twentieth century? | Grand Canal |
| The Tang plan to avoid the concentration of land in the hands of the wealthy was called the | equal-field system |
| In 755, the Tang emperors were forced to invite the Turkish Uighurs to bring an army into China and suppress a rebellion by | An Lushan |
| Foot binding is probably the best example of | the increasingly patriarchal nature of Chinese society |
| In 1024 | the first paper money, printed under government auspices, appeared |
| Dunhuang, in western China | contained an early Buddhist community |
| The Silla dynasty in Korea copied China in many ways, but never | established a bureaucracy based on merit |
| In regard to their relationship with China, the Viet people | revolted against the Tang and won their independence |
| The native religion of Japan is | Shintoism |
| The Japanese city of Nara was a copy of the Tang capital of | Chang'an |
| In regard to political structure, postclassical India | developed no single centralized imperial authority |
| An invasion in 451 C.E. by the White Huns, began the collapse of the | Gupta dynasty |
| Northern India was dominated from the twelfth through the early sixteenth century by | the Delhi sultanate |
| Hindu temples | played an important role in the agricultural and financial development of southern India |
| By around 1500 what portion of the total Indian population was Muslim? | one-fourth |
| The bhakti movement | sought to erase the distinction between Hinduism and Islam |
| Which of the following Indian concepts did NOT become popular in the southeast Asian states influenced by India? | the caste system |
| The first Southeast Asian state to reflect Indian influence was centered on its capital port city of Oc Eo. What was its name? | Funan |
| The kingdom of Srivijaya | was located on Sumatra and maintained a sea trade route between China and India |
| The biggest difference between Melaka and the other states influenced by India was that Melaka | became predominantly Islamic |
| Which of the following did not act as a limitation on the development of central Asian societies? | a lack of trading opportunities |
| Between the tenth and fourteenth centuries, most Turks living on the steppes of central Asia converted to | Islam |
| In 1055, the Saljuq Turkish leader Tughril Beg | was recognized as sultan by the Abbasid caliph |
| Mahmud of Ghazni's incursion into India in the eleventh century was inspired by | his desire for plunder |
| In an effort to strengthen the Mongol fighting forces, Chinggis Khan | formed new military units with no tribal affiliations |
| The Mongol naval campaign against Japan in 1281 | was the largest seaborne expedition before World War II |
| Russia was dominated from the thirteenth through the fifteenth centuries by the | Golden Horde. |
| During the period of Mongol domination, | long-distance trade became much less risky. |
| Devastation wrought by the bubonic plague played a key role in the fourteenth-century collapse of the | Yuan dynasty. |
| The founder of the Ottoman Turks was | Osman |
| 1. The introduction of a new food crop about 400 C.E. encouraged a fresh migratory surge in Africa. What was the crop? | bananas |
| By 1000, most parts of Africa south of the equator had been settled by people speaking what language? | Bantu |
| By 1000 C.E., the population of sub-Saharan Africa had risen to around | twenty-two million. |
| One of the central factors in the establishment of trans-Saharan trade was | the arrival of the camel. |
| The most powerful state in west Africa at the time of the arrival of Islam was | Ghana. |
| Mali would reach its peak during the reign of | Mansa Musa |
| The Swahili city-states | dominated trade along the east African coast. |
| The best known of the powerful kingdoms in central Africa was | Zimbabwe. |
| Just as the kingdoms of west Africa depended on trans-Saharan trade, the kingdoms of east Africa depended on | Indian Ocean trade. |
| The conversion to Islam by east African merchants and princes did all of the following EXCEPT | completely eliminate the animistic religions. |
| The single biggest obstacle to the rise of a powerful Holy Roman Empire was | an ongoing conflict with the papacy. |
| Which of the following states developed a tightly centralized political structure in its early stages? | England |
| Which of the following factors does NOT help explain the increased agricultural production of the middle ages? | government financial support |
| The late medieval revival of urban society was most pronounced in | Italy. |
| Which of the following statements is NOT correct about Charlemagne? | He was mistrustful of intellectual pursuits. |
| The phrase usually associated with the medieval social structure is | "those who pray, those who fight, and those who work." |
| Most guilds of the high middle ages | admitted women as members |
| Central to the scholastic philosophy of the middle ages was the rediscovery of | Aristotle. |
| Newfoundland was discovered around the year 1000 C.E. by the Scandinavian seafarer | Leif Ericsson. |
| The crusades | increased trade between the eastern and western Mediterranean. |
| The first complex society was developed in the southern Mesopotamian land of | Sumer |
| After 3000 B.C.E., all Sumerian cities were ruled by what form of government? | monarchy |
| What individual believed that the gods had chosen him to "promote the welfare of the people . . . [and] to cause justice to prevail in the land"? | Hammurabi |
| Evidence suggests that the Mesopotamians | traded extensively with peoples as far away as Anatolia, Egypt, and India |
| In Mesopotamia, prisoners of war, convicted criminals, and heavily indebted individuals were the three main sources for | slaves |
| Mesopotamia developed into | a strict patriarchal society |
| Ethical monotheism was in the tradition of the s | Hebrews. |
| The first simplified alphabet, containing only twenty-two letters, was created by the | Phoenicians |
| The original homeland of the Indo-Europeans was | southern Russia |
| The construction of light, horse-drawn war chariots and the refinement of iron metallurgy were technological innovations of the | hittites |
| Around ________ B.C.E., peoples of the eastern Sudan started to domesticate cattle and became nomadic herders | 9000 |
| The earliest Egyptian and Nubian states were | small kingdoms |
| Harkhuf was | an Egyptian explorer who visited Nubia |
| The conqueror Menes founded ________, a city that would serve as the capital for early Egypt, around 3100 B.C.E. | memphis |
| The Hyksos were | external invaders who helped bring about the end of the Egyptian Middle Kingdom |
| The most vigorous of all New Kingdom pharaohs was ________, who led his troops into Palestine and Syria and who even received tribute from the Mesopotamian city-states | Tuthmosis III |
| Around 760 B.C.E., King Kashta | founded a Kushite dynasty that ruled Egypt for almost a century |
| Evidence suggests that in the kingdom of Kush | there were many instances of female rulers. |
| Osiris judged whether or not souls were worthy for immortality by | weighing their hearts against a feather, symbolizing justice |
| The tribes which, as early as 3000 B.C.E., began to spread their language and agricultural techniques throughout Africa were the | Bantu |
| The earliest known civilization in India was the | Harappan |
| Which statement about Harappan society is false? | Their writings have provided a wealth of information for historians |
| The Aryans were | Indo-Europeans |
| Because the Aryans did not have a state or common government but, rather, formed herding community chiefdoms, they | sometimes fought ferociously among themselves |
| Most of our information about the early Aryans comes from the | vedas |
| The most important aspect of the Aryan religion during the early Vedic times was | the proper performance of ritual sacrifices |
| The legendary founder of the Xia dynasty, who constructed dikes and dams and organized flood control projects, was | the sage-king Yu |
| Which dynasty laid the foundation for principles of government and political legitimacy? | zhou |
| The mandate of heaven | allowed the ruler to serve as a link between the heavens and the earth |
| In ancient China, which group presided at the rites and ceremonies honoring ancestors' spirits? | the patriarchal heads of the families |
| The first complex society of Mesoamerica, which founded traditions followed by all later societies, was the | Olmec |
| Which of the following mathematical concepts, essential for positional notation and the manipulation of large numbers, was invented by Maya mathematicians? | zero |
| The Maya believed that monumental change would occur whenever their ceremonial and solar calendars returned to their respective starting points at the same time. This event took place every ________ solar years | 52 |
| According to the Popol Vuh, the gods created the first successful version of humans out of | maize |
| The Pyramid of the Sun was located in | Teotihuacan. |
| At its high point, the population of Teotihuacan rose to | 200,000 |
| Which of the following areas in the Andes first produced regional states? | the western valleys |
| One of the earliest Andean states, which left a remarkable artistic legacy through its ceramics, was | mochica |
| Which statement correctly describes the relationship between the aboriginal peoples of Australia and those of New Guinea? | The aboriginal peoples of Australia maintained hunting and gathering societies, while in New Guinea they turned to agriculture |
| The Lapita peoples | were the earliest Austronesian migrants to establish human settlements in the Pacific islands |
| The Medes and Persians were originally | Indo-European tribes |
| Who issued standardized coins? | darius |
| The Persian legal code was designed to | harmonize the local laws with the empire as a whole |
| The center of the Persian communications network was | the Royal road |
| The qanat were | underground canals |
| The king who failed to follow the normal Persian governing policy of toleration was | xerxes |
| The empire comprising most of the old Achaemenid state that was taken by a general of Alexander the Great was the | Seleucid empire |
| Ctesiphon was | the capital of the Parthian and Sasanid empires |
| Zarathustra talked about the battle between the "wise lord" Ahura Mazda and the "destructive spirit" | Angra Mainyu |
| Confucius believed that political and social harmony | arose from the proper ordering of human relationships |
| At the heart of Mencius's philosophy was the belief that | human nature was essentially good |
| The Daoist thinkers spoke of wuwei, which stood for | disengagement from the affairs of the world |
| The Book of Lord Shang is one of the most influential works of | legalism |
| The first ruler to unite all of China was | Qin Shihuangdi |
| Some scholars believe Qin Shihuangdi's most important contribution to China was | his standardization of Chinese script |
| The most powerful Han emperor, known for his administrative centralization and imperial expansion, was | wudi |
| Which group of people was the greatest military threat to the Han dynasty? | the Xiongnu |
| Which popular treatise emphasized humility, obedience, subservience, and devotion to their husbands as the virtues most appropriate for women? | Admonitions for Women |
| As the Han dynasty became more powerful and wealthy | the gap between rich and poor grew dangerously large |
| Mexica | were the people who were later called Aztecs |
| The chinampa system refers to | the Aztec practice of dredging fertile muck from the lake's bottom. |
| By the middle of the fifteenth century, the Mexica had formed a triple alliance with | Texcoco and Tlacopan |
| In the Aztec social hierarchy, most of the honors and rewards went to the | military elite. |
| A Mexica woman who died in childbirth | won the same fame as warriors who died valiantly in battle. |
| The Aztecs viewed human sacrifice | as an essential ritual to ensure the world's surviva |
| The Pueblo and Navajo peoples of the American southwest | lived a settled, agricultural existence |
| Cahokia was | the North American mound that was the third largest structure in the pre-Columbian Americas |
| The most important ruler in the expansion of the Inca empire was | Pachacuti |
| The Inca imposed order | by taking hostages from the conquered tribes' ruling classes |
| Ibn Battuta was | a Morrocan legal scholar who traveled extensively and recorded his observations. |
| In the five centuries after the year 1000 C.E., the peoples of the eastern hemisphere | traveled and interacted more intensively than ever before. |
| When Pope Innocent IV sent envoys to invite the Mongols to join in an alliance against the Muslims, | the khans declined and in turn told the Christians to submit to Mongol rule or be destroyed |
| Which of the following was NOT one of the products that had a new impact during this period of increasing interaction? | silk |
| Which one of the following was not a common result of the bubonic plague? | a temporary decrease in workers' wages |
| The Yongle Encyclopedia | represented the Ming rulers' interest in supporting native Chinese cultural traditions |
| The rise of powerful states in Europe in the fifteenth century was dependent on | the combination of new taxes and large standings armies. |
| The reconquista | culminated with the conquering of the kingdom of Granada. |
| Humanist moral philosophers believed that | people could lead morally virtuous lives while participating in the world |
| Zheng He was | the Chinese admiral who made several journeys of exploration |
| For his decision to allow them to return to their capital city and rebuild their temple, Darius received high praise from these people. Who were they? | Jews |
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dschuesler