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Ecology--Manoylov
Ecology Final Exam--Questions from web exams 1 & 2 and from the review in class
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which aspects of the biology of zooxanthellae are controlled by their coral hosts? | the release of photosynthetic products from their cells |
| Principle of allocation states: | If organisms use energy for one function such as growth, the amount of energy available for other functions is reduced |
| The major benefit obtained by zooxanthellae algal cells from their coral host is | nitrogen from coral wastes |
| In general population density………………with increasing organism size | declines |
| A community is defined as | an association of interacting species inhabiting a defined area |
| Given two habitats, Habitat 1 and Habitat 2, which habitat would have greater species diversity? Habitat 1: Species A, 10; Species B, 10; Species C, 10 Habitat 2: Species A, 10; Species B, 10; Species C, 10; Species D, 10; Species E, 10 | Habitat 2 |
| Mycorrhizal fungi acquire _________ from their plant partners. | sugars |
| Crabs and shrimp associated with corals protect their hosts from | predation by sea-stars. |
| The process of evolution toward niche divergence in the face of competition is called ____________. | character displacement |
| If the isocline for species 1 lies above that of species 2 | species 1 will eventually exclude species 2 |
| If site 1 had 20 species and site 2 had 10 species with 5 of the species appearing in both sites, define species richness for site 1 | 20 |
| A species feeding on the tissue of its host, while not killing it directly, is a | parasite |
| In the Lotka-Volterra predation model, a prey (host) population in the absence of predators would | grow exponentially |
| Analysis of the Lotka-Volterra competition model implies that two competitors can coexist only when | intraspecific competition is stronger than interspecific competition |
| Which of the following is NOT a characteristic favored by K-selection? | many, small offspring |
| When using a significance level of 0.05, how often will you reject hypotheses that are actually correct? | 5% of the time or less |
| Which statement about snowshoe hare and lynx populations in boreal Canada is false? | Snowshoe hares rarely deplete their food supply enough to affect their population biology |
| Which of the following equations bests represents change in pray numbers in predator/pray community interraction? | deltaH=rH-pHP |
| Ephemerellid mayflies under attack by stoneflies will typically | adopt a posture which increases their apparent size, so that the predator will avoid them. |
| Which of the following statements is consistent with the principle of competitive exclusion? | Even a slight reproductive advantage will eventually lead to the elimination of the less well adapted of two competing species. |
| According to the competitive exclusion principle, two species cannot continue to occupy the same | niche |
| Imagine five forest communities, each with 100 individuals distributed among four different tree species (W, X, Y, and Z). Which forest community would be most diverse? | 25W, 25X, 25Y, 25Z |
| Why are food chains relatively short? | Longer chains are less stable and energy transfer between levels is inefficient |
| According to the nonequilibrium mode | communities are constantly changing after being influenced by disturbances |
| Why do moderate levels of disturbance result in an increase in community diversity? | Habitats are opened up for less competitive species. |
| What interactions exist between a lion pride and a hyena pack? | -/- |
| Why is a pathogen generally more virulent in a new habitat? | Hosts in new environments have not had a chance to become resistant to the pathogen through natural selection. |
| Which of the following terms is used by ecologists to describe the community interaction where one organism makes the environment more suitable for another organism? | facilitation |
| The energetic hypothesis and dynamic stability hypothesis are ideas that attempt to explain | the length of food chains |
| How might an ecologist test whether a species is occupying its realized or its fundamental niche? | Remove a competitor species to see if the species expands its range |
| Which statement best describes the evolutionary significance of mutualism? | Interaction increases the survival and reproductive rates of mutualistic species. |
| Which of the following describes why elephants are the keystone species in African grasslands? | Essentially all of the other species depend on the presence of the elephants to maintain the community |
| The wings of a different species of butterfly, the Viceroy, look nearly identical to the Monarch so predators that have learned not to eat the bad-tasting Monarch avoid Viceroys as well. This example best describes | Batesian mimicry |
| Which of the following would be most significant and complete in understanding the structure of an ecological community? | determining how many species are present overall, which particular species are present, the kinds of interactions that occur among organisms of different species, and the relative abundance of species |
| Which of the following is an example of cryptic coloration? | a "walking stick" insect that resembles a twig |
| Which term do ecologists use to describe the ability of a community either to resist change or to recover to its original state after change? | stability |
| The feeding relationships among the species in a community determine the community's | trophic structure |
| Keystone predators can maintain species diversity in a community if they | prey on the community's dominant species |
| Which of the following could qualify as a top-down control on a grassland community? | effect of grazing intensity by bison on plant species diversity |
| What interactions exist between a bee and a flower? | +/+ |
| What interactions exist between mycorrhizae and evergreen tree roots? | +/+ |
| What interactions exist between the cattle egret and grazing cattle? | +/o |
| By inspecting the zero-growth isocline for species 1(fig 10.8) estimate the value of K1 and the value of alpha | 70 and 0.64 |
| For a population of lions feeding on zebras in an African savannah, assume that H=1200, p=0.004, r=0.7 and P=130 What is the projected total population size for the lions? | 1416 |
| From the example provided in the lab manual, page 253, figure 11.8 what is the maximum number of pray that will still lead to predator population numbers declining | 49 |
| As body size increases in animals, there is | a decrease in the surface-to-volume ratio |
| Which aquatic environment typically experiences the least daily variation in temperature? | deep pool in a stream |
| The lower and upper limits of 95% confidence interval for a mean of 14.3, derived from a sample of 25 where the standard deviation is equal to 4.2 are: | 12.6534, 15.946 |
| Hibernation and estivation are both examples of | torpor |
| Which of the following statements about ecology is incorrect? | Ecology is a discipline that is independent from natural selection and evolutionary history |
| The upper and lower limits of 95% confidence interval for a mean of 10, derived from a sample of 10 where the standard deviation is equal to 4 are: | 12.48, 7.52 |
| Organisms able to do sulfur oxidation at 65˚C are called……………….., while bacteria growing at -2˚C are called….......... | Thermophilic, psychrophilic |
| Where would an ecologist find the most phytoplankton in a lake? | photic zone |
| Air masses formed over the Pacific Ocean are moved by prevailing westerlies where they encounter extensive north-south mountain ranges, such as the Sierra Nevada and the Cascades. Which statement best describes the changes that these air masses undergo? | The warm, moist Pacific air rises and cools, releasing precipitation as it moves up the windward side of the range, and this cool, now dry air mass heats up as it descends on the leeward side of the range |
| A freshwater fish was accidentally placed in salt water. After several minutes in this saline water, it died. What is the most logical explanation for its death? | Loss of water by osmosis in cells in vital organs resulting in cell death and eventually organ failure |
| Generalized global air circulation and precipitation patterns are caused by | rising, warm, moist air masses cool and release precipitation as they rise and then at high altitude, cool and sink back to the surface as dry air masses after moving north or south of the tropics. |
| The main reason polar regions are cooler than the equator is because | sunlight strikes the poles at an lower angle |
| True or False: Ectotherms tolerate greater variation in internal temperature, while endotherms are active at a greater range of external temperatures | True |
| In temperate lakes, the surface water is replenished with nutrients during turnovers that occur in the | autumn and spring |
| Which of the following abiotic factors has the greatest influence on the metabolic rates of plants and animals? | temperature |
| True or False: Convection is the transfer of heat by the movement of air or liquid past a surface, as when a breeze contributes to heat loss from a lizard’s dry skin, or blood moved heat from the body core to the extremities. | True |
| Landscape ecology is best described as the study of | the factors controlling the exchanges of energy, materials, and organisms among ecosystem patches |
| Which of the following levels of organization is arranged in the correct sequence from most to least inclusive? | ecosystem, community, population, individual |
| Which of the following organisms is not an Ectotherm? | walrus |
| True or False: Sphinx moths (Manduca sexta) increase thoracic temperature due to flight activity, therefore those insects can thermoregulate by transferring heat from the thorax to the abdomen. | True |
| True or False: Study involving the body temperature of bluefin tuna indicate that stomach and muscle temperature can vary greatly and be above the temperature of the surrounding water thanks to blood vessels that function as countercurrent heat exchangers | True |
| In general, a south-facing slope in the Northern Hemisphere is | drier and sunnier |
| Plants can reduce their _____ gain by orienting their leaves parallel to the rays of the sun. | Hr |
| The emission of electromagnetic waves by all objects warmer than absolute zero is called: | radiation |
| If a small organism has surface area of 6 µ2 and volume of 1 µ3, this organism will have ……… µ-1 surface to volume ratio. A large organism with surface area of 384 µ2 and volume of 512 µ3 will have ……… µ-1 surface to volume ratio. | 6, 0.75 |
| If the standard deviation of a population is 12, what is the population variance? | 144 |
| In a sample of 100 measurements where the standard deviation in 4, the standard error will be equal to: | 0.4 |
| Metabolic heat (Hm) is the heat | released during cellular respiration |
| ______________ is/are defined as a group of potentially breeding organisms within a species in a given space and time. | Population |
| True or False: Hyperthermophilic bacteria are heat-loving bacteria which prefer temperatures above 90° C | True |
| True or False: Homeotherms vary their body temperature directly with environmental temperature | False |
| Ten samples were taken from normally distributed population with mean value of 77.5 and variance value of 28.09, calculate the upper and lower limits for that mean at a 95% confidence interval. | 80.79, 74.21 |
| Small, mobile and mostly microscopic organisms that live suspended in water are called | plankton |
| Which of the following is the correct equation used to understand the components of heat gain and loss which regulate body temperature? | Hs=Hm±Hcd±Hcv±Hr–He |
| True or False: Eastern Skunk Cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus) stores large quantities of starch in a large root, and then translocates it to the inflorescence where it is metabolized thus generating heat 30 C higher than the surrounding temperature. | True |
| Determine the sample mean and median of the following data set: Mass(g) 7, 4, 3, 7, 22, 9, 14, 11, 11, 14, 8 | 10 and 9.0 g |
| The ‘scientific method' includes | observations, experiments, and modeling, posing questions and formulating testable hypotheses, and statistical analysis. |
| An ecosystem is defined as …………………. | all of the organisms that live in an area and the physical environment with which they interact. |
| Two woodpeckers, a rooster, 2 northern cardinals and 3 robins from your background will represent a bird……………………: | Community or species |
| True or False: Terrestrial environments show less temperature variations than aquatic environments. | False |
| Carbon returns to the atmosphere by: | respiration and burning |
| Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) includes: | only the solar energy with wavelengths of 400-700 nm |
| Temperature and precipitation graph--> Which of the following biomoes is shown by the graph? | boreal rainforest |
| Which of the following is an example of aposematism? | a poisonous snake with bold color patterns |
| The exponential model of population growth assumes: | unlimited resources |
| The predation by the owl is a major factor controlling the population of a rabbit species. The first step in testing this hypothesis would be to determine... | whether the owl eats the rabbit |
| A small pack of wolves was reintroduced to Yellowstone Park. After reintroduction, elk density decreased and plant species richness increased from 15 to 30. In this scenario, wolves are an example of: | Keystone species |
| In the vicinity of the equator, air typically: | rises, cools, and precipitates |
| If you had to choose, where would you rather get infected with a serious bacterial disease? | In a remote, sparsely populated area where the bacteria have not been exposed to antibiotic drugs |
| Genetic differences between populations tend to be reduced by: | gene flow |
| Graph--> An experiment was conducted where nitrogen, phosphorous, nitrogen and phosphorous, or no (control) fertilizer was added to 2x2 m grass plots. Which of the following is a correct interpretation of the data? | Nitrogen is the main limiting nutrient |
| In general, phenotypic variance... | partitions genetic variance for necessary adaptation to the environment |
| The number of trophic levels in an ecosystem is limited by... | the loss if energy with each transfer between trophic levels |
| Guppies are sexually dimorphic, and there is intrasexual selection on male guppy coloration. Male guppies found in populations exposed to few predators are typically: | brightly colored |
| Which of the following factors can stabilize predator-prey relationships by providing a prey refuge? | All choices are correct: 1-prey habitat where predators can't enter; 2-prey habitat that is isolated & difficult for predators to find; 3-prey in #s too large for predators to attack effectively; 4- prey can grow to a sz invulnerable to predation |
| A biome is characterized primarily by: | climate and predominant plant types |
| The greatest annual input and least seasonal variation in solar radiation occurs in the... | tropics |
| Picture--> Which of the following correctly pairs the organism with its location in the ocean? | Benthic, photic -- Kelp |
| Organisms that derive their energy from sunlight are referred to as: | autotrophs |
| The difference between a male and female rests largely on: | size and energetic cost of gametes |
| Adult green woodhoopoes will stay close to their natural territories and help raise the young of close relatives, rather than dispersing to produce their own young because... | helpers increase their inclusive fitness and exhibit strong philopatry, as high quality territories with suitable roosting cavities are limited |
| A country whose age structure diagram has a base smaller than most of the next higher levels is experiencing... | negative population growth |
| Ephemerellid mayflies under attack by stoneflies will typically... | adopt a posture which increases their apparent size, so that the predator will avoid them. |
| Which of the following statements about the nitrogen cycle is TRUE? | The nitrogen cycle requires different types of bacteria |
| A consumer eating a producer represents: | a transfer of chemical nutrients and energy |
| FOR ESSAYS KNOW:: | 1. Human caused ecological problems 2. Group project-->what you did & hypothesis 3. Large and small island class assignment 4. Urban ecology And there will be some more.... |
Created by:
brianna.mauro