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Anatomy
final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Intrinsic Muscles of the Tongue | provide the fine, graded control of the articulatory gesture: superior longitudinal, inferior longitudinal, transverse, vertical |
| Extrinsic Muscles of the Tongue | move the tongue as a unit; move the tongue in the general region desired: genioglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus, chondroglossus, palatoglossus |
| Intrinsic Muscles of the Tongue | include pairs of muscles running longitudinally as well as muscles running transeversly & vertically; interact in a complex fashion to produce rapid, articulations needed for speech and non-speech activities |
| Superior Longitudinal Muscle(SL) | courses along the length of the tongue, comprising of the tongue, comprising the upper layer of the tongue; elevate the tip of the tongue;if 1 superior long.muscle is contracted w/o the other, it will pull tongue toward side of contraction |
| Inferior Longitudinal Muscle | occupies the lower sides of the tongue;pulls tip of tongue DOWNWARD & assists w/ RETRACTION of the tongue(if co-contracted w/SL;unilateral contraction: causes tongue to turn toward the contracted side and downward |
| Transverse Muscles | provides a mechanism for narrowing the tongue;pulls the edges of tongue toward midline-NARROWING the tongue |
| Vertical Muscles | run at right angles to the transverse muscles; FLATTEN the tongue; contraction will pull the tongue DOWN into the floor of the mouth; fibers of the transverse and vertical muscles interweave |
| Genioglossus | primary mover of the tongue;makes up most of deeper bulk;arises from inner mandibular surface at the symphysis & inserts in the tip & dorsum of the tongue & corpus of the hyoid bone |
| Contraction of Genioglossus | contraction of the anterior fibers: RETRACTION-pulls back contraction of the posterior fibers=PROTRUSION of the apex contraction of both anterior & posterior portions=draw the tongue DOWN toward the floor of mouth |
| Hyoglossus Muscles | arises from the greater cornu & lateral corpus of hyoid bone inserting into the sides of the tongue; contraction- pulls tongue DOWN |
| Styloglossus | originates from the styloid process of the temporal bone; divided into 2 portions(interweaves w/ the inferior longitudinal, interweaves w/ hyoglossus);contraction of paired muscles= draws tongue BACK & UP |
| Chondroglossus | arises from the hyoid bone (lesser horn); DEPRESSES the tongue |
| Palatoglossus | muscle of the tongue &/or velum; dual purposes; DEPRESSING the soft palate, ELEVATING the back of the tongue; makes up the anterior faucial pillar |
| Muscles of Mastication-Mandibular Elevators and Depressors | mastication(chewing food) requires mvmt of mandible so molars can make contact to grind the food; muscles of mastication among the strongest in the body; 3 categories: Mandibular elevators, muscles of protrusion, mandibular depressors |
| Mandibular Elevators | Masseter: visible when contracted Temporalis: elevates and retracts the mandible Medial Pterygoid: acts in conjunction with the masseter |
| Muscles of Protrusion | Lateral Pterygoid: protrudes the mandible;aiding in the grinding action |
| Mandibular Depressors | Digastricus, Mylohyoid, Geniohyoid, Platysma |
| Muscles of the Vocal Tract | muscles of the velum: levator veli palatini, musculus uvualae, tensor veli palatini, palatoglossus, palatopharyngeus |
| Muscles of the Velum | 3 speech sounds in English that require the soft palate to be depressed (3 nasal sounds--/m/ /n/ /ŋ/; 3 categories:elevators,tensor,depressors |
| Velum Elevators | levator veli palatini: makes up the bulk of soft palate;primary elevator of soft palate;contraction ELEVATES & RETRACTS posterior velum; Musculus Uvualae: muscles embodied w/in uvula, contraction shortens soft palate & bunches it up |
| Velum Tensor | Tensor Veli palatini: actually dilates the Eustachian tube; aerates the middle ear cavity |
| Velum Depressors | Palatoglossus Muscle: makes up the Anterior Faucial Pillars Palatopharyngeus Muscle: considered a pharyngeal muscle; assist in: narrowing the pharyngeal cavity, lowering the soft palate, elevating the larynx |
| Pharyngeal Musculature | muscles of the pharynx are closely allied w/the muscles of tongue, pharynx is a vertical tube; tube made of muscles wrapping more-or-less horizontally from the front to a midline point in the back |
| Contraction of Pharyngeal Musculature | when the muscles are contracted>> constriction of the pharynx to assist in deglutition |
| Pharyngeal Constrictor Muscles | superior, middle, inferior portions; reduce the pharyngeal space in diameter, superior pharyngeal constrictor is the most important muscle for velopharyngeal function |
| Salpingopharyngeus Muscle | assists in ELEVATION of the lateral pharyngeal wall; arises from the lower margin of the Eustachian tube inserting in the lateral pharynx near the palatopharyngeus muscle |
| Stylopharngeus Muscle | arises from the styloid process of the temporal bone inserting b/w the superior & middle pharyngeal constrictors; ELEVATES & OPENS the pharynx, particularly during degluttion |
| Overview of the Nervous system | the NS is a complex,hierarchial structure; beginning w/neurons building to higher ordering functions using the brainstem & cerebral cortex; neuroanatomy system is responsible for voluntary & involuntary functions |
| Overview of the Nervous System | comm is mainly voluntary, but there are many automatic patterns of responses that are supported by background muscle actions or mvmts; voluntary responses are the domain of the Cerebral Cortex or Cerebrum (makes up the bulk of the brain) |
| Cerebellum | responsible for the coordination of mvmts; involves info received 4rm peripheral sensors;output 4rm cerebellum is modified by Basil Ganglia; motor commands r conveyed to the periphery 4 execution by neural pathways (Nerves/tracts) |
| Central nervous system | anatomical divisions; cerebrum(cerebral cortex), cerebellum, subcortical structures, brain stem, spinal cord; housed w/in bone (skull or vertebral column) |
| Peripheral nervous system | anatomical divisions; 12 cranial nerves 31 spinal nerves; components are outside of bones; sensory receptors |
| Somatic | funtional division; controls the aspects of bodily functions that are under Conscious & voluntary control; most important for speech pathology |
| Automatic | major functional divisions; controls involuntary functions |
| Neurons | all structures are made up neurons; a neuron is the smallest organizational unit in the nervous system;neurons are the communicating elements of the nervous system & r supported by Gillial Cells or Gilia; function of the neuron is to Transmit information |
| Basic Components of the Neuron | soma: cell body dendrite: transmits info toward the soma axon: transmits info away from the soma; axon hillock: the junction of the axon and the soma; myelin sheath: covers the axon; white fatty wrapping Nodes of Ranvier: areas b/w the myelinated segme |
| Basic components of the neuron | telodendria |
| Fixed Articulators | provide a surface against which to juxtapose the tongue or lips or the alteration of resonance & the modification of airflow; upper incisors, alveolar ridge, alveolar ridge |
| Mobile Articulators | lips, mandible, velum, tongue, pharyngeal walls |
| Fixed articulators | upper incisors (in combo w/ the tongue/ lower lip): create the High Frequency Consonants Hard Palate: separates the oral & nasal cavities Alveolar Ridge: (anterior portion of the hard palate): very imp for speech production |
| Lips | lower lip: faster & stronger than the upper lip; achieves a greater velocity and force (function of mentalis muscle); does most of the work in lip closure; attached to the mandible-a movable articulator; can accommodate a variety of jaw positions |
| Lips | form an oral sphincter at the oral opening; can occlude the oral cavity, articulate w/ teeth or form a ring; muscles of the lips are capable of exerting a distinct force on the lips |
| lips | doubled velocity imparted on the lower lip is due to the variable mvmt and placement of the Mandible |
| Mandible | plays slight role in speech; assists the lips; changes position for tongue mvmt;can tightly close when necessary; position for speech is one of dynamic tension b/w antagonist; plays major role in mastication; central pattern generator w/in brainstem |
| Mandible | produces muscular contraction for chewing; must elevate,grind laterally, and depress; requires coordinated activation of elevators & depressors; adjusts the oral cavity opening by elevating & depressing it |
| Mandible | supportive role in carrying the lips, tongue, & teeth to their targets in the maxilla (upper incisors, hard palate, alveolar ridge); |
| Mandible | works synergistically w/ tongue to produce fine adjustments necessary for vowel production; paralysis of the muscles of mastication can be devastating to speech intelligibility |
| Tongue | very versatile;most important of the articulators;produces most English phonemes; extrinsic muscles provide major mvmt; intrinsic muscles involve shaping of tongue |
| Velum | soft palate;performs wide range of mvmts; production of most speech sounds-must remain in an moderately elevated position;non-nasal speech-velum generally remains closed(constriction of the Levator Veli Palatini) |
| Velum | Opening & closing of the Velar port must occur rapidly & precisely to avoid hyper-or hypo nasality; production of high-pressure consonants (fricatives & stops) requires greater velopharyngeal effort |
| Development of Articulatory Ability: Motor system of newborn(neonate) | governed by protective reflexes: provide protection for newborn, allow newborns to meet their needs, motor system is out of newborn's control, mvmts are gross responses to environment |
| Development of Articulatory Ability: Motor system of developing infant | infant gains control of motor functions; makes voluntary mvmts of trunk, neck, and limbs, gains cortical control of motor patterns, ability to make graded mvmts of mandible, becomes able to make differentiated lingual mvmts |
| Development of Articulatory Ability: Speech development in Children | four vital elements of motor control: gravity (vestibular stabilization), flexor-extensor balance (simultaneous with standing and walking), trunk control, differentiation of motor control |
| Development of the Vocal Tract | Approx. 6-8 cm at birth Approx. 15-18cm in adults |
| Development of the Mandible | tongue has growth similar to mandible; increases from 2-4 cm in first 2 yrs; achieves 80-90% of adult size by 7 yrs |
| Coordinated Articulation | speech is the most complex sequential motor act;theories of speech have evolved over time;speech theories based on: locus of control, need for consistency of motor act, task specification |
| Hierarchical Elements of Speech:Conceptual system | develops the proposition or idea to be expressed,idea represents sentences to be spoken,selection of appropriate words to match concept, selection of words to express & fit the proposition |
| Hierarchical Elements of Speech: Phonological system of speech | syllable structure taken from lexical selections, selected words broken down into: syllables, selected phonemes, features of the phonemes; muscles of articulation not involved |
| Hierarchical Elements of Speech: Muscle movement system of speech | muscles activated to meet needs of selection process: develop an idea we need to express, map idea into muscular mvmts, change 3-dimensional space of oral cavity (changes result in acoustical output that represents goals) |
| Hierarchical Elements of Speech: future theories of speech must account for these elements of speech | fluidity of production of speech, variability of articulation based on context, ability of articulators to achieve phonetic target |
| New major theories of speech control have been developed | The Control Theory, Dynamic or Action Theory Models, The DIVA Model |
| Central control Theory | claims that muscular mvmt originates in response to linguistic needs |
| Basis of the control theory | there is a "master control" system mechanism-dictates muscle mvmts based on the linguistic goal, administers muscle commands regardless of articular conditions of the moment,accts for dominance of articulation for speech |
| Dynamic or Action Theory Models | coordinative structures interact to accomplish completion of a trajectory (targets of mvmts); recog physical properties involved in articulation, enable system to adapt to changes in envir., acct for difficulties in articulation theory |
| Dynamic or Action Theory Models | explain coarticulation: the overlapping effect of one articulatory gesture on another explain perturbation: sudden, unexpected force applied to an articulator |
| DIVA model of speech production | Directions Into Velocities of Articulation; includes feedback about accuracy of articulation (auditory feedback, tactile feedback, kinesthetic feedback, feedback from external sources) |
Created by:
sharnise