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actual apush ch 25
straight from da brickk
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Victoriano Huerta | Military dictator who assumed power of Mexico in 1913, forcing President Wilson to enunciate the new doctrine of nonrecognition out of sympathy for opposing factions; growing diplomatic pressure from the U.S. and his foes ultimately forced Huerta to leave |
| de facto | Exercising power as if legally established; being effectively in power but not officially acknowledged.xx |
| Venustiano Carranza | Leader of the Constitutionalist party in Mexico backed by President Wilson over Victoriano Huerta; recognized as Mexican president in 1915, managed to put through a new liberal constitution in 1917, but frequently clashed with rebel bandits, among them th |
| Pancho Villa | Leader of one of the independent gangs of bandits that spring up in Mexico because of the political upheaval of the early twentieth century; clashed with the forces of the Mexican President Carranza in 1915, led several attacks on Americans on either side |
| John J. Pershing | General who was sent by President Wilson in 1917 to find Pancho Villa in Northern Mexico, without success; later commanded the first contingent of Americans sent to France during World War I.xx |
| ; dollar diplomacy | Practice initiated by the Taft administration of encouraging bankers in the United States to aid debt-plagued governments in Haiti, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua; later applied to President Wilson's frequent military interventions in Latin America. |
| Central Powers | Also known as the Triple Alliance that developed in World War I, comprised of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy, later joined by Turkey. |
| Triple Entente | Alliance that developed during World War I, also known as the Allied Powers, comprised of France, Great Britain, and Russia. |
| trench warfare | Tactic that gave the First World War its lasting character; most of the great battles of the war involved hundreds of thousands of men crawling out of their muddy, rat-infested trenches and then crossing "no-man's-land" to attack enemy positions, only to |
| hyphenated Americans | Of the 1910 population of 92 million, more than 32 million were "hyphenated Americans," first- or second-generation immigrants who retained ties to their old countries. |
| Lusitania | British passenger liner sunk by a German U-boat, May 7, 1915, creating a diplomatic crisis and public outrage at the loss of 128 Americans (roughly 10 percent of the total aboard); Germany agreed to pay reparations, and the United States waited two more y |
| William Jennings Bryan | Secretary of State during World War I under President Wilson; believed that America had a religious duty to advance democracy and moral progress in the world but was an avowed pacifist, only reluctantly confronted Germany after the sinking of the Lusitani |
| Arabic and Sussex pledges | Pledges made by the German government after the sinking of the British passenger vessel Arabic in 1915 and the French steamer Sussex in 1916, agreeing to pay an indemnity and offering public assurances that German U-boats would not sink passenger and merc |
| Preparedness | Demand for a stronger American army and navy in face of the events of World War 1; the National Security League organized in 1914 promoted the cause of military preparedness. |
| National Defense Act | Act of 1916 that expanded the regular federal army from 90,000 to 175,000 and permitted gradual enlargement to 223,000, expanded the National Guard to 440,000, made provision for their training, and gave federal funds for summer training camps for civilia |
| Naval Construction Act | Act of 1916 that authorized between $500 million and $600 million for a three-year navy expansion program. |
| Revenue Act of 1916 | Doubled the basic income tax rate from 1 to 2 percent, lifted the surtax to a maximum of 13 percent (for a total of 15 percent) on incomes over Dollar 2 million, added an estate tax, levied a 12.5 percent tax on gross receipts of munitions makers, and add |
| "peace without victory" | Term used by President Wilson in a speech before the Senate on January 22, 1917 in which he declared that only a "peace among equals" could endure, based on the principles of government by the consent of the governed, freedom of the seas, and disarmament. |
| Zimmerman telegram | From the German foreign secretary to the German minister in Mexico, February 1917, instructing him to offer to recover Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona for Mexico if it would fight the United States to divert attention from Germany in case of war. |
| Liberty Bonds | The Liberty Loan Act added $5 billion to the national debt by creating "Liberty Bonds" to help fund the war effort. |
| Newton D. Baker | Secretary of war under President Wilson; he saw the mobilization of hundreds of thousands of young men as an opportunity for social engineering and created the Commission on Training Camp Activities (CTCA) to inculcate middle-class "progressive" virtues a |
| Food Administration | The Lever Food and Fuel Control Act of 1917 created a Food Administration headed by future president Herbert Hoover during World War I; the administration sought to raise agricultural production while reducing civilian use of foodstuffs in order to conduc |
| War Industries Board | Established in 1917 the WIB, headed by the Wall Street speculator Bernard Baruch, became the most important of all the economic mobilization agencies; the purchasing bureaus of the United States and Allied governments submitted their needs to the board, w |
| Great Migration | Large-scale migration of southern blacks during and after World War I to the North, where jobs had become available during the labor shortage of the war years. |
| Committee on Public Information | Established on April 14, 1917 and composed of the secretaries of state, war, and the navy, with the help of journalists, photographers, artists, entertainers, the committee used propaganda instead of censorship to convey the Allies' war aims to the people |
| Espionage Act | Act of 1917 that set penalties of up to $10,000 and twenty years in prison for those who gave aid to the enemy, who tried to incite insubordination, disloyalty, or refusal of duty in the armed services, or who circulated false reports and statements with |
| Sedition Act | Act of 1918 that extended the penalties of the Espionage act to those who did or said anything to obstruct the sale of Liberty Bonds or to advocate cutbacks in production, or who said, wrote, or printed anything "disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive" |
| Eugene V. Debs | Socialist leader who ardently opposed American intervention in World War I and was arrested and sentenced under the Espionage Act to twenty years in prison for encouraging draft resistance; while in jail in 1920 he polled nearly 1 million votes for presid |
| Schenck v. United States | 1919 U.S. Supreme Court decision upholding the wartime Espionage and Sedition Acts; in the opinion he wrote for the case, Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes set the now-familiar "clear and present danger" standard. |
| Treaty of Brest-Litovsk | March 3, 1918 peace between the Bolsheviks in control of the Russian government and Germany. |
| Bolsheviks | Party of Vladimir Lenin who in November 1917 led a revolution that took control of the Russian government, causing Russia to drop out of World War I. |
| Fourteen Points | President Woodrow Wilson's 1918 plan for peace after World War I; at the Versailles peace conference, however, he failed to incorporate all of the points into the treaty. |
| League of Nations | Organization of nations to mediate disputes and avoid war established after World War I as part of the Treaty of Versailles; President Woodrow Wilson's "Fourteen Points'' speech to Congress in 1918 proposed the formation of the league. |
| Henry Cabot Lodge | Staunch Republican and reservationist who, as chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, opposed the American membership in the League of Nations and effectively blocked it in the Senate. |
| war guilt clause | Clause in the Treaty of Versailles by which Germany confessed responsibility for the war and thus for its entire costs. |
| Irreconcilables | Group of isolationist U.S. senators who fought ratification of the Treaty of Versailles, 1919-20, because of their opposition to American membership in the League of Nations. |
| reservationists Group of U.S. senators led by Majority Leader Henry Cabot Lodge who would only agree to ratification of the Treaty of Versailles subject to certain reservations, most notably the removal of Article X of the League of Nations Covenant. | |
| Spanish flu | Unprecedentedly lethal influenza epidemic of 1918 that killed more than 22 million people worldwide. |
| Calvin Coolidge | Governor of Massachusetts and future president who was made famous by his involvement in the Boston Police Strike, the most celebrated postwar labor dispute, when he declared that: "There is no right to strike against the public safety by anybody, anywher |
| Red Scare | Fear among many Americans after World War I of Communists in particular and noncitizens in general, a reaction to the Russian Revolution, mail bombs, strikes, and riots. |
| A. Mitchell Palmer | Attorney-General whose house was partially destroyed by a bomb sent by a lunatic fringe group; he harbored an entrenched distrust of aliens and warned the public against a Bolshevik Red Menace. |
| "Soviet Ark" | Nickname for the transport ship that transported 249 people from New York for Finland on December 22 1919; included were assorted anarchists, criminals, and public charges, all of whom were deported to Russia without benefit of a court hearing. |
| 100 percent Americanism | Crusade for restrictions on immigration that was a legacy of the Red Scare. |
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moreilly3