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ap euro ch 6,7,8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| By 1700, which two Western European countries occupy a position of leadership? | England and France |
| What is true about elite and popular cultures? | people of elite culture could take part in pop culture but not visa versa |
| What did all cultures of the 18th century share? | religion and disease |
| Describe carnivals. | -celebration preceding lent -sometimes for several weeks -big eating -defying customs -ridicule authority -men and women dressed in opposite sexes |
| What is happening to class distinctions in the 18th century? | became sharper |
| What was happening to Europe economically during the 18th century? | -expansion of the global economy -Europe became more wealthy than any other region of the globe |
| What are the primary reasons for the increase in Europes wealth in the 1800's? | -steam engine and power driven machinery -growth of large factories and great manufacturing cities |
| Wha languages did the elite and pop culture speak? | elite- standard national language pop- common national language |
| elite: | more educated, speak more languages, scientists...etc |
| what history did the elites have? | written |
| Why was foreign trade so important to Great Britain and France during the 18th century? | -Great Britain and France have largest economic enterprises of the time -accumulating capital -greatest commercial fortunes |
| Desc the role played by the British French and the Dutch in the commerce in the 18th century. | -Dutch involved in banking -Britain and France involved in commercial rev and trade |
| globally, what were the two most impt trading areas for Western Europe during the 18th century? | Asia and America 3rd Africa |
| What two European countries conducted the transatlantic slave trade in the 18th century? | England and France |
| What was true about african slavery? | -slaves arrived before pilgrims to plymouth rock -slaves were obtained from africa fro Europeans for many centuries -before the 1800's more africans than europeans made the voyage to the americas |
| what was the effect on Eastern European serfdom given the expansion of the transatlantic trade? | -contributed to the spread of serfdom -emphasis on agriculture |
| What did England have? | -growing urban pop -mercantile economy -raw materials and natural resources |
| how does bourgeois and aristocratic wealth merge during the 18th century? | -marriage b/w bourgeois and aristocratic wealth -purchase of landed estates and noble titles from bourgeois -aristocrats investing in commercial interest |
| How was France and Great Britain similar after the war of the Spanish Succession(1714) and the death of Louis XIV (1715)? | -king was an ineffective ruler -commercial expansion will occur -various property interest gain many advantages in the gov |
| Describe the political developments in France under the regency of the Duke of Orleans. What role did the French nobility play in the 18th century? | had to concede greater influence and power to the nobility |
| How did the French parlements and English Parliament differ during the 18th century? | -English Parliament passed laws(leg. branch) -French parlement were councils of law |
| What sig was the ministry of Robert Walpole? | whigs and tories no longer had and power walpole did |
| Give several reasons for the Whigs resistance of the return of Stuart(James III) monarchy. | -James and his followers believe in their divine right to rule -they resisted return of stuarts b/c they were afraid James would repudiate the gov. debts payable to his enemies(whigs) -afrais he would undo principal of glorious rev and bill of rights |
| What is the economic effect of the South Sea and Mississippi bubbles? | as economy gre so did businesses and ownerships The south sea and Miss. bubbles encouaged all of this and many of those businesses failed (esp. indiv owners and partnerships) |
| when did the Duke of Orleans come to power? | after Louis XIV |
| who is walpole? | first prime minister |
| what was parliament for? | wealthy or those who the wealthy supported |
| What is true about Parliament? | -selective body not elective -doesn't follow democratic principals -some seats in parliament were bought and sold |
| Describe the cabinet government. | -robert walpole was the first prime minister -he was the architect of the cabinet gov -executive leader or ministers are also members of the legislative body |
| When did the war of the Austrian Succession Begin? | -began 1740 |
| What geopolitical effect did the War of the Austrian Successions have on Prussia? | -frederick II of Prussia invaded Austrians held silesia -war that utimately made Prussia a great power |
| By 1756, what major European countries were allied with eachother? | -england and prussia v.s france and austria |
| Where did the seven years war begin? | America b/w france and england |
| Why did the seven years war take place? | -problem b/w the 4 great powers b/c of economic competition, geopolitical interest of France, Great Britain, Austria |
| in 1754 what did the american rely on that great britain provided? | British colonies in America relied on Britain military action against France |
| What was true (accurate) about the French and British empires on the eve of the Seven years war? | -both Britain and france had possesions in India -in portaty of kanton china where British are trading in china -have a presence in N America(Canada) |
| Describe the nature and outcome of the seven years war in europe, france, britain and india. | -Europe: b/w great powers -France: will lose all N. American territory, Britain becomes the primary naval and global power of the world -India: Britain takes control, france loses most of its power and influence |
| What were the stakes of this war? | global supremacy |
| WHy were the British able to triumph over he French in India? | british sea power |
| What were some of the results of the treaties of 1763 that ended the seven years war? | -prussia is now a major power, now have dualism agains austria -prussia and austria are major rivals for control of germany -silesia is now a part of prussia(confirmed) -british power and influence became paramount(superior) in N america and india |
| what was the 7 yrs war about? | practical and pragmatic politics |
| In the 17th century, what did it mean that science became modern? | -scientific methods of inquiry are being defined at this time -scientific knowledge was increasingly applied to practical invensions -science was recognized as a principle enterprise of European society |
| What were Francis Bacon and Rene Descates' views on previous generations beliefs, perspectives on faith and methods of seeking knowledge? | -ridiculed the tendency to put faith in ancient books -attacked earlier methods of seeking knowledge -branded virtually all beliefs of preceding generations outside the religion as worthless |
| What is the inductive method of reasoning? Give an example. | -go from particular to general, from concrete to abstract |
| What does Francis Bacon have to say about inductive thinking? | -use inductive thinking to aquire knowledge -knoledge should be useful |
| What is Rene Descartes general philosophy? | wanted to create a belief in the vast world of nature that could be reduced to mathematical form |
| What did Francis Bacon have to say about progress? | work basis modern idea of progress -true knowledge is useful thus bringing together knowledge and power |
| The greatest weakness of Bacon's thinking was his failure to do what? | -understand role of mathematics and role of data |
| What were the two fundamental realities of Cartesian dualism? | subjective experience is conciousness (mind spirit) -extended experience everything outside of the mind |
| What was copernicus' great contribution to our understanding of the universe? | he theorized that the sun was the center of the universe but did not have the mathematics to prove it |
| what was the major point of Kepler's laws of planetary motion? | it showed that planets orbited the sun in an elliptical fashion |
| what did Galileo observe when viewing heavenly bodies through his telescope? | heavenly bodies were made up of the same kind of material that the earth was made up of |
| what was Newton's greatest discovery or insight? | universal gravitation |
| what invention of his did Newton rely on to support his discoveries of universal gravitation? | calculus |
| what effect did the founding of the Royal Society of London and the Academy of Sciences in France have in the 1660's? | -helped to insitutionalize the pursuit of natural knowledge -royal academies of sciences in england and france |
| what effect did the scientific revolution have on spiritual endeavors? | peoples theological perspective was changed |
| domestic system | people worked in England on cottages but were employed as wage earners by merchant capitalists. more then half were weavers |
| east india company | atlantic trade routes leading to america |
| plantation economy | economic unit forcing black workers to americas as slaves. it encouraged slave trade |
| whigs | gov and anglican bishops for the gov |
| battle of plassey | battle of france and britain |
| treaty of paris | closed the prolonged war of the mid-century |
| sepoys | indan troops that served as military forces |
| robert clive | chief of british interests |
| robert walpole | country gentleman of the whig party |
| frederick II | king of prussia |
| maria theresa | one of the most capable rulers of the house of habsburg |
| treaty of aix-la chapelle | where peace was made in 1748 |
| william pitt | chief of british army |
| deductive method | draw logical implications from what one already knows |
| empiricism | theory that all knowledge is drawn from sense-experience |
| mantaigne | expressed his attitude of skepticism |
| reasonableness of Christianity | john locke argued christianity was the only reasonable form of religion |
| the prince | Niccolo Michiavelli disreguarded the question of the best form o government in this book |
| Other than natural science what was a potent 17th century force causing a questioning of old beliefs? | discovery and exploration of the world overseas |
| Describe the new sense of evidence that appeared in this age. How did it reveal itself in law? | -evidence became the foundation of western sciences -higher and more consistent standards fr evidence especially in legal precedings |
| What were the conclusions of Pierre Bayle in his writing Historical and Critical Dictionary? | what is called truthis often mere opinion that most people are amazingly gullable, many things that were firmly believed were ridiculous |
| How was this new sense of evidence reflected in historical and religious scholarships? | -both historian and judge must answer in the same way -more and better more accurate theologies and evidence to be discovered |
| in 1678 France define biblical criticism. | -Richard Simon, French priest in 1678 said old manuscripts were full of errors corruption, innaccuracies -cast down on accuracies of miracles -asserts that Moses could not possibly write the books tributed to him theyre contradictory |
| what were some of the tenants of Baruch Spinoza's philosophy? | -was burned at the stakes, rejected revelation and revealed religion -he held that few if any gov were just many were not -god has no existence part from the world |
| In John Locke's Letter on Toleration what group does he believe should be tolerated? | -tolerated of all except Roman Catholics and atheists -tolerated: established church of england and jews |
| In Locke's book, Essay Concerning the Human understanding, what does he have to say about knowledge? | knowledge derived from mind sence and experience |
| What were the implications of Locke's views for social action? | social action is taken by those who have a vested interest |
| In what sense did Michiavelli attempt to adopt a scientific view in The Prince? In what ways was his analysis not scientific? | -he wrote a subjective treaty to maximize conduct -believed it was better to be feared than loved -better for people to succumb to power |
| What does the philosophy of natural law contend? | -a universally applied law that distinguishes right from wrong -right is universal and timeless -life liberty and prop -right exists above all people |
| According to 17th century thinkers, by what means can one discover a valid natural law? | discovery of valid and natural law came from the use of one's reasoning power |
| According to Hugo Grotis and Samuel Pufendorf, what is international law subordinate to? | -they are the founders of the field of international law -as founders of international law they argued that sovereign states were subordinate to international reason and justice |
| Relative to political affairs, what doe the philosophy of natural law justify? | wide frame for natural law that can justify anything from constitutional to absolutists governments |
| What does Thomas Hobbes have to say about absolutism? | -believed absoltism was necessary to produce civil peace and the rule of law -was necessary to prevent anarchy and chaos -absolutism originated in a free and rational agreement b/w a monarch and his people(social contract) -said life was brutish and cr |
| What does Locke believe sound government rests on? | -believed sound gov rested on the right of property(life and lib came after) -as prop is protected so are other interests and natural rights |
| How did Locke justify the English Revolution of 1688? How did he make it seem modern and forward looking? | -english rev was part of a progress natural english gov was protected by this |
| How could some of Locke's philosophical observations and conclusions lead indirectly to less progressive views? | -if locke believed elites did not have a vested interest in gov then elites prop class gov would be limited(limited participation and that property interest should run the gov |
| where are Grotius and Pufendorf from? | the Netherlands |
| what is thomas hobbes the leader of? | secular absoltuism |
| What did John Locke want in a gov? | to create a gov that can maximize liberty and freedom |
| what did Locke NOT believe in? | democracy! HE WAS NOT A DEMOCRATTTTTTTTTT!!!!!!!!!!!!! |
| What elements are suggested as to the basic spirit of the Enlightenment? Of what significance was the idea of progress? | -belief that we have moved away from barbarism and darkness -believed world and nature was harmonious -civilation and building order and harmony |
| During the eighteenth century, how did "enlightened" people typically imagine God? | -as an inconcivaable intellegent watchmaker -less of a father -more of a creative force -wrathful and doesn't intervene |
| How did Montesquieu's influential doctrine of the separation and balance of powers suggest that good government could be obtained? | -says there is monarchy/aristocracy and democratic elements at work -seperation of leg, exec, judic powers so there is now a balance of power -divide power between king and great intermediate bodies |
| what does the enlightenment see? | -natural and national law at work -the use of progress -new philosophers and scientists and their ideas in this period |
| To what did Voltaire's polemical slogan, "ecras, l' infame!" or "Crush th infamous thing refer? | arguing against bigotry, intolerance, and superstition |
| Describe some of Rousseau's ideas about social contract and an ideal socirty. | -social contract doesnt exist amoung the king and people but poeple themselves-everyone could feel that he/she belonged if they possessed a sense of pride membership and participation -all indiv fuse their wills together to contribute to the general wil |
| what are some of Rousseau's most direct contribution to the French Revoltion? | -to cause upper classes to lose their faith in their own superiority |
| Characterize Enlightenment thought. | -progress, reason, science, civilization, equality toleration(mostly secular ideas) -all ideas expressed in the French language |
| For what did Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations argue? | -he emphasized capitalism, free market economy(says driven by self interest) -no barriers that hinder economic growth -hates mercantilism(tariff's on goods) -self interest is stilled by gov -force behind economy can answer freely |
| where are most of Adam Smith's ideas found? | western civilization |
| is adam smith against governement? | no |
| How did absolutism differ from Enlightened despotism? | -don't rule by absolute right -enlightened despotism grew out of absolutism diff b/c authority was justified under grouds of usefulness to society -relig toleration |
| what did despotis grow out of? | earlier absolutism represented by the likes of Louis XIV |
| To what could the practical difficulties of French Monarchy be attributed? | -raised money and taxes -nobility refused to be taxed -France was constanty in debt -inadiquate ways of adding revenues |
| At the end of Louis XV's reign, what was the situation of the Moupeou parlements? | -magistrated payed for kings government -forbidden to reject gov. edicts or declare them unconstitutional -being confined to purely judicial fn's |
| what are parlements created by? | chief ministeers |
| compare the changes introduced by Maria Theresa and by Joseph II in the Austrian Empire. Would you characterize both as enlightened despots? | -both trying to expand legal due process Joseph II moved a little bit further with it |
| Desribe some of the actions taken by Frederick the Great(II) that were part of his policies we have come to identify as enlightened despotism. | -allowing greater relig freedom -wanted all children to get an elem. education -secular decisions made by him |
| What were the outcomes of the Enlightenment on Russia? | -none of natural/civil rights effecting Russia -spread of Enlightenment to upper classes -further seperation from Russian upper class and other Russian people |
| What happened to serfdom in Russia under Catherine the Great? | -serfdom expanded in size and became more burdensome |
| What did catherine want to extend? | rule of law and she wanted to end serfdom -she set up assembly proving to be fruitless |
| What were some of Catherine the Great's achievements in foreign affairs? | -port on the Black Sea -annexation of an enormous section of Poland -expansion and consolidation of Russia |
| How would you assess Catherine the Greats' achievements? | -probably no ruler could have corrected the social evils of 18th century of Russia b/c of Boyars |
| What is true about enlightened despotism at this time? | -some of them were able to get rid of customary or common law -enacted new legal codes -opposed powers of the church -culmination of the beg. of the end of monarchy -foreshadowed an age of revolution |
| what were the characteristics of the demands of the Age of Democratic Revolution between 1760 and the French Revolution? | -demands for liberty and equality |
| What did the Democratic Revolution reject? | -absolutism and freedom |
| In the eighteenth century what aspect of British politics provoked the most public criticism? | the grossly inequitable system of representation to the parliament because the elites are running the parliament |
| Who did Edmund Burke's philosophical conservation favor? | -concerned about royal power -parliament trying to centralize authority -wanted gov by land owning class running things but must act reasonably |
| What is the major trend in the eighteenth century British politics? | parliament trying to centralize authority over the empire and extend powers |
| Describe the current thoughts and practice contradictory to Enlightenent attitude that were also prevalent at this time.nHOw did these differences affect the gap b/w pop and elite cultures | -spiritual revival(bible) -didnt go far enough to adhere rational beings(feelings and emotions) |
| what did the 18th century pietists and methodists stress? | the indiv. innerspiritual conciousness |
| What were some of the ideals of the 18th century freemasonry? | Masons had well disposed views b/w reason progress and toleration |
| Desc some of the key differences b/w Montesquieu, Rousseau, And Voltaire | montesquie-thought church useful but didnt believe in relig rouseau-believed in relig but not church -voltairre-surrender political liberty in return for gurarenteed intellectual freedom |
| How did the Enlightenment in Britain differ from enlightenment on the continent? | -england:general contentment w/ arrangements, successful revolution -british thought lacked asperity thought on continent |
| what relationship developed b/w reformers in England and the American colonies? | -british supporters supportive of American demands for legal due process |
| During the 7 yrs war who is primarily responsible for driving the french out of North America? | the british army |
| How did the war of american independence become part of european struggle foe empire? | spanish, dutch, and french already fighting against england |
| how did british counter the american argument that parliamnt had no authority to tax them? | said parliament had no authority to tax them virtual representation |
| discuss the political consequences of the american revolution for europe and the world. How did it affect older european political attitudes? | americans are models of europe at work(inspiring) |
| what was the effect on Catholic and Irish during the 1798 Irish Rebellion? | Both Irish catholics and protestants will unite against the british government |
| in the dec on indep what are the people living like? | terribly under tyranny no just laws -oppression and limited rights |
| where are enlightenmet ideas of natural rights attiributes in decleration? | to locke and the unalienable rights |
| what are the poeple concerned about in the dec of indep.? | rights of the americans to govern themsleves their right to be represented this ensures safety, security that they will ive under the rule of law |
| what is the document trying to create? | a new gov by pointing out colonits desire of freedom from tyranny they seek to remedy its userpations is a doc pointing out deficientcies of king george III |
Created by:
stephanie_solomon21