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Lasswell's definition of politics
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Policy Making System
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AP Government Final
madison ap gov final tri 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Lasswell's definition of politics | Who gets what, when, and how |
| Policy Making System | Process by which policy comes into being and evolves over time. -Reveals the way our government responds to the priorities of its people. -People's interests, problems and concerns create political issues for government policymakers. |
| Linkage Institution | • The political channels through which people’s concerns become political issues on the policy agenda • Include elections, political parties, interest groups, and the media |
| Policy Agenda | • The issues that attract the serios attention of public officials and other people actually involved in politics at any given point in time • Responds more to societal failures |
| Political issues with policy agenda | • An issued that arises when people disagree about a problem and how to fix it • Government will not act on any issue until it is high on the policy agenda |
| Policymaking Institutions | • The branches of government charged with taking action on political issues • Congress, the presidency, and the courts |
| John Locke- Purpose of Government | To protect natural rights |
| John Locke- Ends of Government | The preservation of property was the end of government |
| John Locke- Similar Beliefs to Declaration of Independence | • Belief in life and liberty • Long standing governments can be revolted against when they are ruling tyrannically and not on the consent of the governed. Governments should not be revolted against over petty matters |
| Articles of Confederation | -First Constitution of the U.S. -State dominated government -National gov't _Each state had one vote _Could maintain navy and army _couldnt collect taxes _Couldn't regulate trade _no president nor national court _Unanimous vote to amend -not effe |
| James Madison | Source of Factions -Unequal Distribution of wealth leads to factions |
| Madisonian Model | • Place as much of the government as possible beyond the direct control of the majority • Separate the powers of the different institutions • Construct a system of checks and balances |
| Constitutional Convention and the Constitution(next 7 Questions) | |
| Delegates’ beliefs about the end of government | • The preservation of property is the end of government |
| Distribution of power established by Connecticut Compromise | • Created two houses • Senate- each state gets equal representation • House-representation based on state population |
| Goal of the economic provisions in the Constitution | • To strengthen the economic powers of the new national government in order to build a strong economy |
| Powers prohibited to states in the Constitution | • States cannot pass laws imparing the obligations of contract • States cannot coin money or issue paper money • States cannot tax imports or exports from abroad or from other states • States cannot free runaway slaves from other states |
| Protections of individual rights included in the original Constitution | •Prohib the suspension of writ of habeas corpus •Prohib Congress or the states from passing ex post facto laws •Prohibits Congress or the states from passing bills of attainder •Prohibits the imposition of religious qualifications for holding of offfic |
| Amendment Process | Formal, Informal processes |
| Formal Process | • Two procedures are proposal and ratification • It can be proposed by 2/3rds vote in each house of Congress or by a national convention • It is ratified by legislature of 3/4th of the states |
| Informal Process | • Judicial interpretation • Political practice • Changes in technology • Changes in the demands of the policymakers |
| Marbury v. Maidson | o First assertion of the right of the Supreme Court to determine the meaning of the Constitution o Established the Court’s power of judicial review over acts of Congress |
| Consequences of Checks and Balances and seperation of power | o Favors the statues que •Ppl who desire change must usually have a sizable majority •Those opposed to change need only to win at one point in the policy making process oChange usually comes slow if at all oIt is difficult for a min. or maj. to tyrann |
| Consequences of Checks and Balances and seperation of power-2 | oBoth property rights and personal freedoms have survived oSome argue the policymaking process lacks efficiency, preventing effective responses to pressing matters |
| Federalist vs. Antifederalist | • Federalists vs. Antifederalists o Federalists: supported the ratification of the Constitution o Antifederalists- did not support the ratification of the Constitution |
| Federalism | o A Form of Government in which a constitution distributes power and authority between a central government and a smaller, regional government |
| Examples of How Federalism Decentralizes Politics | oFederalism provides more opportunities to participate in politics oProvides more opportunities for government to meet the needs of the people oDecentralizing our policies •Federal and state governments handle different problems |
| •Benefits of Federalism | o Decentralizes our politics o Enhances judicial review o Decentralizes our policies |
| National Powers | -coin money -conduct foreign relations -Regulate Commerce w/ foreign nations -provide an army and navy -Declare war -establish courts inferior to the Supreme court -establish post offices -make laws necessary and proper to carry out the foregoing p |
| National Powers cont. | -tax and spend -the War Power The power to regulate interstate commerce National Supremacy Article |
| State Powers | • Establish local governments • Regulate commerce within a state • Conduct elections • Ratify amendments to the federal Constitution • Take measures for public health, safety, and morals |
| Ultimate source of power | National government |
| Enumerated Powers | • Powers of the federal government that are specifically addressed in the Constitution; for Congress, these powers are listed in Article I, Section 8, and include the power to coin money, regulate its value, and impose taxes |
| Implied Powers | • Powers of the federal government that go beyond those enumerated in the Constitution. The Constitution states that Congress has the power to “make all laws necessary and proper for carrying into execution” the powers enumerated in Article I |
| Inherent Powers | • Powers of the national government in foreign affairs that the Supreme Court has declared to not depend on Constitutional grants, but grow out of the very existence of the national government |
| Reserved Powers | • 10th amendment says that any power not given to the national government and restrained from the state are given to the states |
| Concurrent Powers | • Powers shared by the national government and the states by the Constitution |
| Supremacy Clause | o Comes from Article IV o Constitution, treaties, and laws of the federal government when constitutional are the supreme laws of the land |
| McCulloch v. Maryland | o Maryland attempted to tax a national bank o Established the supremacy of the national government over the states o Also established the national government has certain implied powers (elastic clause) |
| Devolution | o Definition: transferring responsibility for policies from the federal government to the state and local governments o Pragmatic approach to federalism by Republicans in Congress since the mid 1990s |
| Fiscal Federalism | Def- the pattern of spending, taxing, and providing grants in the federal system |
| Categorical Grants | Federal grants that can be used for specific purposes; grants with strings attached; often times given on a matching basis • Main source of federal aid to state and local governments • Can be used for one of several hundred purposes |
| Project Grants | Funds are competitive and go towards projects within the states |
| Final Interpretor of Civil Liberties | Supreme court |
| Gitlow v. New york | • The Court ruled that freedoms of speech and press were fundamental personal rights and liberties protected by the due process clause of the 14h amendment from impairment of the states • Decision began the development of the incorporation doctrine |
| Protections guaranteed by First Amendment | • Freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and to petition the government of redress of grievances |
| Establishment Clause | • Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion |
| Near v. Minnesota | Government cannot prevent a newspaper from publishing something • They can only penalized them after the article is printed |
| Mapp v. Ohio | o The Supreme Court ruled that evidence gathered from an illegal search is not usable in courts |
| Miranda v. Arizona | • They have a constitutional right to remain silent and may stop answering questions at any time • What they say can and will be used against them in a court of law • They have a right to have a lawyer present during the q'ing and provide an attorney |
| Gideon v. Wainwright | o Extended the right of an attorney to anyone accused of a felony in a state court o Whenever imprisonment could be imposed, a lawyer must be provided for the accused |
| Dred Scott v. Sanford | o Boldest decision supporting slavery o Ruled that a black man, slave or free, was chattel and had no rights under a White man’s government and that Congress had no power to ban slavery in the western territories o Invalidated Missouri Compromise |
| Plessy v. Ferguson | o The Supreme Court ruled that segregation in schools was constitutional as long as it was “separate but equal” |
| Brown v. Board | o The Supreme Court ruled segregation in schools was unconstitutional because it was inherently unequal o A year after the decision the Supreme Court order the lower courts to proceed with “all deliberate speed” to desegregate public schools |
| Equal Protection of Laws | o Equal protection clause of 14th Amendment o Protections guaranteed by: • Requires every state to provide “equal protection of the law” • “Equal protection of life, liberty, and property for all” |
| Korematsu v. US | o After the bombing of pearl harbor 100,000 Japanese Americans were placed into internment camps o The Supreme Court upheld the internment as constitutional |
| Civil rights and the scope of gov't | o Civil right laws increase the scope of government o Regulate the behavior of individuals and institutions o Those who want to reduce the scope of government are uneasy with these laws |
| Minority-Majority | o Minority-Majority is a situation in which minority groups will outnumber Caucasians of European descent |
| political socialization | The process through which a young person acquires political orientations as they grow up, based on input from parents, teachers, the media, and friends |
| agents of political socialization | family, media, and school |
| Formal Political Socialization | • Only a small portion of American’ political learning is formal • Civics or government classes in high school teach students the basics of government |
| Informal Political Socialization | • Much more important than formal • Most is accidental • Occurs in family, friends, school, and the media |
| reapportionment | o The process of reallocating seats in the House of Representatives every 10 years on the basis of the results of the census |
| Demographic changes in race/ethnicity since 1970's | o 2000 census found an all time low of the White American population at 69% o Hispanics are the largest minority group in America o Asian Americans are the fastest growing minority group o America is approaching a minorit-majority |
| public opinion | The distribution of the population’s beliefs about politics and policy issues |
| History of Polling | • George Gallup began taking public opinion polls when his mother-in-law ran for secretary of state for Iowa • Then founded a firm that spread through the democratic world |
| Sample | • A relatively small portion of people who are chosen in a survey so as to be representative of the whole |
| Sampling Error | • The level of confidence in the findings of a public opinion poll. The more people interviewed the more confident one can be of the results • A typical poll of 1,500-2,000 respondents has a sampling error +/-3 percent |
| Random Sampling | • The key technique employed by sophisticated survey researchers, which operates on the principle that everyone should have an equal probability of being selected for the sample |
| Criticsms of Polling | • Many people are skeptical of how accurate public opinion polls can be measuring only 1,500-2,000 people • Makes politicians more concerned with following rather than leading |
| Exit Polls | • Public opinion surveys used by major media pollsters to predict electoral winners with speed and precision • Most widely criticized type of poll • Voting places are randomly selected where workers will ask every tenth person how they voted |
| Political Ideology | • A coherent set of beliefs about politics, public policy, and public purpose. It helps give meaning to political events, personalities, and policies |
| Liberal Beliefs | •Believe in maintaining a small army and are less wiling to commit troops to action •Are for abortion, opposed to prayer in school, and favor affirtive action •View gov't as a regulator in the public interest, want to tax the rich more, spend more on po |
| Conservatives | • Support “right to life”, support prayer in schools, and are opposed to affirmative action • Favor free-market solutions • Want to keep taxes low and want to keep spending low |
| group that follows Liberals | • People under 30 are the largest group of liberals • The younger the person the more likely they are to be liberals • Minorities are more likely to be conservatives • Women • Catholics and Jews are more likely to be liberals |
| group that follows Conservatives | older people, white males, upper class, protestants |
| Minority groups and voting | • Lower voting turn out in minorities is more linked to their socioeconomic status then to their race |
| Effects of television on newspaper readership | caused decline in newspaper circulation and readership |
| Purpose of FCC | -was created in 1934 to regulate the ariwaves -today it regulates communication via radio, television, telephone, cable, and satellite |
| Bias in the media | Journalists are typically liberal, Real media bias is a result of how reporters see the world, Journalists choose the stories to cover based on drawing teh largest audience, There is no greater sin than boring the audience |
| Party Identification | a citizen's self-proclaimed preference for one party or another |
| Ticket splitting | voting one party for one office and with another party for other offices |
| Linkage Institutions | The channels through which people's concerns become political issues on the government's policy agenda |
| 4 main linkage institutions | parties, elections, interest groups, media |
| Rational-Choice Theory | A popular theory in political science to explain teh actions of voters as well as politicians. It assumes that individuals act int ehir own best interest, carefully weighing the costs and benefits of possible alternatives |
| Blanket Primary | • Elections to select party nominees in which voters are presented with a list of candidates from all the parties. Voters can then select some Democrats and some Republicans if they like |
| Open primary | • Elections to select party nominees in which only people who have registered in advance with the party can vote for the party’s candidates, thus encouraging greater party loyalty |
| closed primary | • Elections to select party nominees in which voters can decide on Election Day whether they want to participate in the Democratic or Republican contests |
| election of 1828 | • General Andrew Jackson (Jacksonian Democrats) founded the modern American political party when he forged a new coalition that included Westerners, Southerners, immigrants, and settled American |
| election of 1860 | • Republicans rose to power and got Abraham Lincoln elected igniting the Civil War • After the Civil War the Republican Party thrived for 60 years |
| election of 1896 | • Second Republican era • Gold and Silver dispute • Realigning election that shifted the party coalition and entrenched the Republicans for another generation |
| election of 1932 | • New Deal coalition made by the Democratic Party • FDR won the election |
| election of 1968 | • Richard Nixon won the election realigning the South with the Republican Party |
| Party Realignment | o The displacement of the majority party by the minority party, usually during a critical election period |
Created by:
zachery.morgenstern