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Chapter thirteen
psych 312
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Prejudice | A hostile or negative attitude toward a distinguishable group of people, based solely on their membership in that group. |
| Stereotypes | A generalization about a group of people in which certain traits are assigned to virtually all members of the group, regardless of the actual variation among the members. |
| Discrimination | Unjustified negative or harmful action toward a member of a group simply because of his or her membership in that group. |
| Out-group perception | The perception that individuals in the out-group are more similar to each other than they really are, as well as more similar than the members of the in-group are. |
| Illusory Correlation | The tendency to see relationships , or correlations, between events that are actually unrelated. |
| Ultimate Attribution Theory | The tendency to make dispositional attributions about an entire group of people. |
| Stereotype Threat | The apprehension experienced by members of a group that their behavior might confirm a cultural stereotype. |
| Blaming the Victim | The tendency to blame individuals (make dispositional attributions) for their victimization, typically motivated by a desire to see the world as a fair place. |
| Self-Fulliing Prophecy | The case whereby people (1) have an expectation about what another person is like, which (2) influences how they act toward that person, which (3) causes that person to behave in a way consistent with people’s original expectations. |
| Realistic COnflict Theory | The idea that limited resources lead to conflict between groups and result in increased prejudice and discrimination. |
| Scapegoating | The tendency for individuals, when frustrated or unhappy, to displace aggression onto groups that are disliked, visible, and relatively powerless. |
| Institutionalized Racism | Racist attitudes that are held by the vast majority of us because we are living in a society in which stereotypes and discrimination are the norm. |
| Institutionalized Sexism | Sexist attitudes that are held by the vast majority of us because we are living in a society in which stereotypes and discrimination are the norm. |
| Normative Conformity | The tendency to go along with the group in order to fulfill the group’s expectations and gain acceptance. |
| Modern Racism | Outwardly acting unprejudiced while inwardly maintaining prejudiced attitudes. |
| Mutual Interdependence | The situation that exists when two or more groups need each other and must depend on each other in order to accomplish a goal that is important to each of them. |
| Jigsaw Classroom | A classroom setting designed to reduce prejudice and raise the self-esteem of children by placing them in small, desegregated groups and making each child dependent on the other children in the group to learn the course material and do well in the class. |
| Once formed, stereotypes: | are resistant to change on the basis of new information. |
| According to Stipek and Galinski (1991), young girls attribute success in math to ____ and boys attribute success in math to ____. | luck; ability |
| According to Gordon Allport, stereotypes result: | from our efforts to maximize our cognitive time and energy. |
| Individuals emotionally involved in their beliefs about a target group are not likely to be persuaded by opposing arguments because: | attitudes based on emotions are not affected by logical arguments. |
| According to Devine’s (1989) two-step model of cognitive processing, simply knowing stereotypes that you do not believe affects your cognitive processing because: | the stereotypes are automatically activated. |
| According to Weber and Crocker (1983) people will gradually modify their stereotypical beliefs if you present them with two or three powerful disconfirming pieces of evidence. | False |
| When students read that a prisoner had committed a crime that matched the common stereotype of the offender, Bodenhausen and Wyer (1985) found that the students: | ignored other information that was inconsistent with the stereotype and were harsher in their recommendations for parole. |
| Defense attorneys who focus the jury’s attention on the sexual histories of sexual assault victims are exploiting people’s tendency to: | blame the victim. |
| Realistic conflict theory maintains that: | limited resources produce competition and negative feelings toward competing groups. |
| Institutional racism and sexism arise when: | people live in a society where stereotypes and discrimination are normative. |
| Stereotypes result from our tendency to: | categorize people and events. |
| Prejudice is: | a hostile or negative attitude toward a distinguishable group of people, based solely on their membership in that group. |
| Attributing a higher level of motivation to successful females than to successful males may be one way of: | implying that the successful female has less actual skill than her male counterpart. |
| The bigot’s cry, “They all look alike to me,” illustrates one consequence of social categorization called the: | perception of out-group homogeneity. |
| Which of the following best describes the relationship between knowing and believing stereotypes? | You can know a stereotype without believing the stereotype. |
| Illusory correlations are especially likely to be found between minorities and unrelated events because minorities are: | distinctive |
| Furnham and Gunter (1984) have found that negative attitudes toward the poor and homeless are more prevalent among individuals who: | have a strong belief in a “just world. |
| To demoralized and frustrated Germans who blamed Jews for troubles in Germany following World War I, the Jews provided a convenient: | scapegoat. |
| Findings that people’s prejudices change when they move to areas where norms are more or less prejudicial support the notion that prejudice is largely the result of: | conformity. |
| Contact between majority and minority groups will reduce prejudice when members of the groups: | are of equal status and in pursuit of common goals. |
| The action or behavioral aspect of prejudice is: | discrimination. |
| R believes that the homeless man he sees every day when he goes to work is lazy and just does not want to work. In fact, R thinks all homeless people are lazy. When R makes dispositional attributions about an entire group of people he is committing the: | ultimate attribution error. |
| Feeling apprehensive about confirming a negative cultural stereotype when working on a task can lead people to feel ____, which can result in ____ performance on the task. | stereotype threat; poor |
| found that when AA students are given a test that they are told measures their intellectual ability they perform _ the white students do. When they are told that the test does not measure their intellectual ability they perform _ the white students do. | worse than; as well as |
| Word, Zanna, and Cooper (1974) found that when African Americans are interviewed by whites, they are likely to perform less well than white interviewees. This is explained best by: | the self-fulfilling prophecy. |
| A situation where two or more groups need and depend on each other to accomplish a goal important to each of them defines: | mutual interdependence. |
| All of the following are conditions of contact necessary to decrease stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination EXCEPT which one? | formal contact |
| Which of the following is true about the jigsaw classroom and its effects? | Students depend on each other for the class material. and Students in jigsaw classrooms show a decrease in prejudice and stereotyping compared to students in traditional classrooms. and Students in jigsaw classrooms show an increase in self-esteem compare |
| Which of the following explains why the jigsaw classroom works to reduce prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination? | It encourages the development of empathy. |
| In the jigsaw classroom, if one student in a group is having difficulty mastering his or her material, other members will benefit most if they: | encourage the student and ask friendly, probing questions. |
| The phenomenon of modern prejudice refers to the finding that over the past 50 years: | people have learned to hide their prejudice when it is socially unacceptable to express it. |
| Rochelle is walking across campus one night. As two males walk by, she feels her heart race. Her reaction demonstrates the ____ component of her prejudice. | affective |
| female students read scholarly articles and evaluated them. For some students the article was signed by a male author (e.g. “John T. McKay”) and for others, the same articles were signed by female authors Goldberg found that female students | rated the articles much higher if they were attributed to a male author. |
| Social categorization is both useful and necessary. | True |
| Research by Patricia Devine and Andrew Elliot (1995) indicates that stereotypes are fading in American society. | False |
| According to the justification-suppression model of prejudice most people struggle between their urge to express prejudice and their need to maintain a(n) | positive self-concept in their own eyes. AND positive self-concept in the eyes of others. |
| One reason stereotypes are so insidious and persistent is the human tendency to make _____ attributions. | dispositional. |
| The tendency to blame victims for their victimization is typically motivated by the desire to see the world as | a fair and just place. |
| The prejudice, violence, and negative stereotyping directed against Chinese immigrants in the United States fluctuated wildly throughout the nineteenth century as a result of | changes in economic competition. |
| Rodney does not tell his friends that he disagrees with their prejudicial attitudes because he wants to get along with them. Rodney’s behavior illustrates | normative conformity. |
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