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"VHS Eng SATP Terms"
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Active Voice | verbs that show the subject doing the action. The student read the book. |
| Afterward | a commentary usually written by someone other than the author that comes after the author's text |
| Alliteration | The repetition of initial consonant sounds |
| Allusion | An implied or indirect reference to something assumed to be known, such as a historical event or person, a quote from literature, or a work of art |
| Ambigous Pronoun Reference | unclear which noun the pronoun is replacing. |
| Antecedent | the noun a pronoun replaces |
| Antonym | words that have the opposite meanings, such as small and large |
| Assonance | the repetition of similar vowel sounds |
| Atmosphere | the feeling created by mood, tone, and setting |
| Audience | the people who read or hear a message |
| Author's Purpose | a writer's reason for writing: to entertain, to inform, to persuade, to explain, to instruct, to inspire, to complain, to encourage |
| Bibliography | a list of books, articles, etc. used as reference for another document |
| Cause & Effect | a relationship that explains how one thing makes something else happen |
| Characterization | the way an author reveals a character's nature |
| Compare | to show similarities |
| Conflict | the problem the main character faces. It is a very important element ; without conflict there would be no interest in what happens. |
| Connotaton | the idea or feeling implied by a word in addition to its literal meaning |
| Context Clues | words and phrases in a sentence or a paragraph that are understood and can be used to determine a word or phrase that is not understood |
| Contrast | to show differences |
| Coordinate Adjectives | adjectives that modify the same noun equally and need commas |
| Correlative conjunctions | conjunctions, such as either..or, neither.. nor, not only..but also, both..and |
| Coordinating Conjunctions | word that joins equal words, phrases, or sentences; and, but, or, nor, so, yet, for |
| Denotation | the literal or dictionary meaning of a word |
| Description | using details or imagery |
| Diction | an author's choice of words and their use. An author may choose to be technical or non-technical, descriptive or general, humorous or serious, positive or negative, optimistic or pessimistic, etc. |
| Draw Conclusions | using inference to make an assumption or a judgement based on the information or evidence given |
| Explication | a type of explanation that interprets or clarifies a text |
| Expostion | the background information, which prepares for the next step in the story |
| Fact | a statement that can be proven or verified as being true EX: Bowling is a sport in which a ball is rolled to knock down pins. |
| Figurative Language | language that is not meant to be understood literally; includes the use of simile, metaphor, analogy, personification, hyperbole, oxymoron, idiom, symbolism, irony, paradox, and allusion. |
| Flashback | a break in the story line to show an earlier event. The author may use dreams, memories, or stories told by a character, or the author may interrupt the story to give past information. |
| Footnotes | a note or reference at the bottom of a page |
| Foreshadow | hints about the future |
| Foreword | an introduction to a book that is often written by someone other than the author |
| Formal Language | language usually used in speeches, reports, essays, and most other nonfiction writing |
| Gerund | a verbal that ends in-ing and is used as a noun in a sentence |
| Hyperbole | an exaggeration for emphasis |
| Indefinite Pronouns | a pronoun that does not refer to a definite person, place, or thing. |
| Idiom | an expression, such as "it's raining cats and dogs," that cannot be understood from the definitions of the individual words (Cannot be interpreted literally) |
| Imagery | the use of words that appeal to the senses to give the reader a mental picture |
| Inference | the use of reasoning to draw a conclusion based on evidence. |
| Infinitive | a verbal that begins with to and can be used as a modifiet or a noun. to + a verb |
| Informal Language | everyday language that may include slang or idioms |
| Informative Essay | writing that explains or tells the reader something they may not know, its purpose is to explain or inform. |
| Introduction | the beginning of an essay |
| Irony | the use of language that is opposite of what is actually meant or an outcome in a situation that is opposite of what is expected |
| Metaphor | a direct comparision of two things |
| Modifiers | tells which one, what kind, or how many. Modifiers may come between the preposition and the object. |
| Mode | the type of writing, such as narrative, informative, or persuasive |
| Mood | the feeling created in the reader |
| Narrative | type of writing that tells a story |
| Essay | a short piece of writing on a specific topic |
| Objective Complememnt | a noun or an adjective that completes the meaning of a direct object and describes of identifies it |
| Onomatopoeia | the use of a word that imitates a sound |
| Opinion | a statement based on feelings or beliefs EX: Bowling is a lot of fun. |
| Order of Importance | uses reasons or details in an order from either least to greatest or greatest to least importance. Often used in persuasive writing. |
| Oxymoron | an expression that combines contradictory words, such as cold fire or organized chaos |
| Paradox | a situation or statement that contains seemingly contradictory ideas |
| Parallel Structure | having like grammatical parts joined together |
| Paraphrase | to reword text in your own words |
| Participial | verbs that have the subject acted upon. The book was read by the student. |
| Particple | a verbal that acts as an adjective. It is not a clause, so it does not have a subject and a verb. Some end in -ing, others with -ed. Must come either directly before or after the noun being modified. |
| Personification | a type of figurative language that gives human characteristics to something non-human |
| Persuasive | writing used to persuade. It attempts to influence the reader's actions or thoughts. |
| Plot | the story. The sequence of events or 'what happens' in a narrative, such as a short story, a novel, a play, or a narrative poem. |
| Point of View | the perspective of who is telling a story |
| Precis | another word for a summary that has certain specific characteristics |
| Predict | using inference to make an educated guess at what will happen next |
| Preface | an introudction written by the author for various purposes |
| Problem/Solution | a relationship that shows how a conflict or issue (the problem) is answered (the solution) |
| Procedural Order | similar to sequential order, but instead of giving events in the order that they occurred, a writer explains the steps of a process in the order they should be performed. |
| Pronoun | words that take the place of a noun; he, she, it, they |
| Repetition | the use of the same word or words |
| Rhyme | the same and similar sounds at the end of words |
| Rhythm | patterns of beat using accented and unaccented syllables |
| Sensory Details | words that appeal to the senses. These words describe sight, smell, sound, taste, or feel. |
| Sequential Order | gives events in the order that they occurred in time, first, second, third, etc. Also called chronological order. Often used for narrating a story or when writing a biography. |
| Setting | the time and place of a story; includes its surroundings and environment |
| Sidebar | a short text written in addition to a main article that gives additional information about a topic or an idea within the article. A sidebar is a shorter passage that is often in a box placed beside a main article. They often verify, support, or clarify. |
| Simile | a comparison of two things using like or as |
| Spatial Order | organizes the description of items according to their position or closeness to each other |
| Stylistic Devices | techniques used by a writer to add interest or meaning |
| Subject/Verb Agreement | subjects and verbs must agree in number |
| Subordinate Clause | a group of words with a asuject and a verb that cannot stand alone as a sentence but can be in a complex sentence with a mail clause. Also called dependent clauses because they depend on a main clause. |
| Synonym | words that have similar meaning, such as small and little |
| Synthesize | to put together information from more than one source |
| Symbolism | the use of an object to represent something else |
| Text Features | parts of books, magazines, etc. besides tha main text; may include table of contents, introduction, charts, sidebars, etc. |
| Test Structures | different ways for writers to present or organize information; using description, comparing or contrasxting, using chronological order, giving cause and effect |
| Tone | the writer's attitude toward the subject |
| Word Choice | be precise in your word choice. Use more specific words to show the idea vividly. |
| Verbs | words that show action (action verbs) or existence (being verbs). |
| Action Verb | a verb that shows something you can do; jump, go, return, move, dress, finish, etc. |
| Being Verb | a verb that shows 'being'; is, are, was, were. |
| Helping Verb | being verbs that are used along with an action verb; had been |
| Verb Tense | expresses time; tells if the verb refers to the past, the present, or the future. |
| Simple verb Tenses | past, present, or future tenses of verbs; write, wrote, will write. |
| Perfect Verb Tense | verb tenses that use helping verbs to show continuing action or a time relationship; have studied, had studied, will have studied. |
| Preposition | a word that shows a relationship between words; above, around, in, on, over |
| Preposition Phrase | a phrase that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun or pronoun; gives more information about a noun or a verb. |
| Predicate Nominative | a noun or pronoun that follows a being verb and renames it |
| Coordinating Conjunctions | the conjunctions and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet, that are used to join equal words, phrases, or sentneces |
| Sentence Fragment | an incomplete sentence, any sentence that doesn't make a complet thought |
| Declarative Sentence | type of sentence that makes a statement and ends with a period |
| Interrogative Sentence | type of sentence that asks a question and ends with a question mark |
| Exclamatory Sentence | type of sentence that makes a strong statement and ends with an exclamation point |
| Imperative Sentence | type of sentence that makes a request or gives a command and may end with a period or an exclamation point, depending on the writer's emotion |
| Fragment | an incomplete 'sentence' |
| Run-on Sentences | two or more sentences put together incorrectly |
| Direct Quote | tells person's exact words and uses quotation marks " " EX: His barber said, "I don't have time today." |
| Indirect Quote | tells what a person said by using your own words EX: His barber said he didn't have time today. |
| Advertising | the use of a media source (television, newspaper, magazine, radio, billboard, internet) to promote something |
| Editorial | an article that expresses the opinions of the writer |
| Nonfiction | writing that is about real events or facts EX: biographies, textbooks, encyclopedias |
| Essay | nonfiction writing on a specific topic for a specific purpose |
| Political Speech | a speech made by someone who holds or wishes to hold a political office and meant to persuade listeners |
| Persuade | to cause someone to believe or to do something |
| Main Idea | the topic and controlling point of a paragraph; what the paragraph is about |
| Details | descriptions, reasons, examples, etc. that support the main idea |
| Implied Main Idea | a main idea that is not specifically stated in the sentence of a paragraph |
| Summary | a shorter version of a text that gives only the main points (written in your own words, 1/4 the length of the original, contains only the main points, follows the same order as the original, retains author's meaning. |
| Electronic Text | literature, poetry, dictionaries, encyclopedias, biographies, etc. that are in an electronic (computerized) format instead of written on paper |
| Abstract | a very brief summary of a much longer text |
| Plagiarism | using someone else's ideas or copying someone else's words and claiming them as your own in a report, research paper, etc. |
| Keywords for Causes | because, due to, for, (the)cause is, first, since |
| Keywords for Effects | as a result, resulted in, therefore, consequently, (the)result is, thus |
| Inferences may be used to | draw conclusions, make predictions, or determine an author's purpose. |
| Prose | writing that uses ordinary sentences |
| Poetry | a type of writing that uses verse instead of ordinary sentences |
| Types of Prose | biographies, textbook explinations, encyclopedias, short stories, novels, magazine articles, newspapers, etc. |
| Stanza | a group of lines used in poetry, similar to a paragraph of prose |
| Slang | very informal words or expressions, such as yakking, bad meaning good, ain't |
| Analogy | a comparision of two things that are similar in more than one way. Often used to compare something familiar to something that may be unfamiliar in order to explain the unfamiliar. |
| Heading | a short line of text that briefly describes the topic of material coming after it. Usually bolded and easy to spot. |
| Examples of Reasons for Using Footnotes or Endnotes | to give further information or instructions to the reader, to comment on an idea in the text, to define a word or term that may be unfamiliar to the reader, to cite a source of information. |
| Epilogue | a conclusion given at the end of a story that often tells what happens to the characters in the future |
| Charts and Graphs | condense data into a form that is easier to read and understand, often used to support the text. |
| Line Graph | uses points that are connected by a line to show how the numbers change over time |
| Bar Graph | uses bars to represent and compare numbers |
| Circle Graph | uses parts of a circle to compare parts of the whole or percentages of different things |
| Pictograph | similar to a bar graph, but instead of bars, it uses little pictures to represent a certain number of things |
| Figurative language relies on | the reader's imagination. Often used in poetry but can be found in prose. |
| Types of Irony | Situational Irony Dramatic Irony Verbal Irony |
| Situational Irony | when the outcome is opposite of expectations. This irony can be funny or tragic. |
| Verbal Irony | a person saying the opposite of what is meant. Often the same as sarcasm. |
| Dramatic Irony | occurs when the reader or the audience knows something important that a character doesn't know. |
| Literary Elements | characteristics of texts often seen in fictional and nonfictional stories and poetry, but they can also be seen in setting, characterization, mood, theme, etc. |
| Persona | the character assumed by the author but who has different characteristics from the author |
| First Person Point of View | using the pronoun I to give the perspective of the writer or to give the perspective of a charater; makes the writing more personal |
| Second Person Point of View | uses the pronoun You to address the reader; in some cases, makes the writing more informal or more persuasive |
| Third Person Point of View | use pronouns He and She to give a mroe objective perspectiv; can make the writing or story more objective, formal, or impersonal |
| Climax | the turning point of the story, or the point of most intense feeling or excitement. |
| Resolution | the solution to the conflict |
| Internal Conflict | conflict between two opposing desires within the character |
| External Conflict | conflict between the character and an outside force. Ex. between the character and another person, nature, an animal, society, machines, or even the supernatural. |
| Sequence of the Plot | Exposition Rising Action Climax Falling Action Resolution |
| Exposition | background information, which prepares for the next step in the story |
| Rising Action | introduces and develops the major conflict in the story |
| Falling Action | events or actions that occur after the climax |
| Drama | a literary work that is meant to be performed, such as a play. Uses dialogue and action to tell a story. |
| Soliloquy | a speech given by a character who is alone on stage. The actor speaks about his/her feeling and thoughts on an issue that the author wants explained to the audience. |
| Theme | the message an author reveals through a story or poem. It is an insight into life or a message the author is conveying to the reader. The theme may be as direct as a moral or a lesson, or it may be more difficult to identify. |
| To Determine Theme | First ask yourself what the story or poem is about. Then ask what the author's opinion about the suject is. Once you can identify the author's opinion, you should have the theme. |
| Examples of Univeral Themes | Power can corrupt. With power comes great responsibilty. Honesty is always best. Greed can be dangerous. Love conquers all. The love of money is the root of evil. |
| Past Perfect | two events happened in the past, and you need to show which happened before the other. To show this tense, use the helping verb had. |
| Present Perfect | used for an action that happened in the past but has continued into the present. To show this tense, use the helping vers has or have. |
| Future Perfect | two future actions that show one action will happen befoe the other. To show this tense, use the helping verbs will have. |
| Progressive Verb Tenses | verb tenses that use the -ing form of a verb with a helping verb; is practicing, was practicing, will be practicing. |
| Emphatic Verb Tenses | verb tenses that use the helping verbs do, does, or did to add emphasis to a statement. |
| Progressive tenses use the helping verbs | am, is, are, was, were, will be, have been, has been, will have been |
| Emphatic tenses use the helping verbs | do, does, did |
| Noun | a person, place, thing, or idea |
| Antecedent | the noun that a pronoun replaces |
| Implied Pronoun Reference | an incorrectly written sentence in which the pronoun refers to an implied noun that itsn't explicitly stated. Prounouns should not refer to possessive nouns or to adjectives. |
| Direct Object | a noun or pronoun that receives the action of an action verb. Must come after the action verb, they cannot be in a prepositional phrase, and they answer 'whom' or 'what' after the action verb. |
| Indirect Object | a noun or a pronoun that follows an action ver and answers 'to whom' or 'for whom'. They follow an action verb, are found only in a sentece that also has a direct object, and will never be in a prepositional phrase. |
| Predicate Nominative | a noun or a prounoun that follows a being verb and renames the subject. It cannot be in a prepositional phrase. |
| Objective Complement | a noun or an adjective that completes teh meaning of a direct object and describes or defines it. |
| Objective Complements can have modifiers | adjectives and/or prepositional phrases |
| Compound Subjects | two or more subjects joined by and, or, nor |
| Subjects joined by and | ususally take plural verbs |
| Subjects joined by or, or nor | take either a singular or a plural verb determined by the subject closest to the verb |
| Indefinite Pronouns that are ALWAYS Singular | everyone, someone, anyone, no one, each, everybody, somebody, anybody, nobody, either, everthing, something, anything, nothing, neither |
| Indefinite Pronouns that are ALWAYS Plural | several, few, both, many |
| Indefinite Pronouns that can be Singular OR Plural | some, any, all, most, none |
| Collective Nouns | nouns that appear singular, but represent a group. When collective nouns refer to the group as a whole, they use a singular noun. When a collective noun refers to the individual members of the group it takes a plural verb. |
| Collective Nouns | army, class, crowd, flock, mob, audience, club, faculty, group, public, band, bunch, coolection, committee, family, fleet, herd, jury, swarm, team |
| Clause | part of a sentence that has its own subject and verb |
| Always Capitalize... | the pronoun I; individual names, nicknames,and titles; the first word of a sentence; ethnic groups; nationalities; languages; names of places; sections of the country; calendar items; direct quotes. |
| A compound sentence has | two or more main clauses, or complete thoughts. |
| Three ways a compound sentence can be joined: | *by separating the two clauses with a semicolon *by using a coordinating conjunction/ PUnctuate by placing a comma before the conjunction. *by using a conjunctive adverb (also, consequently, finally, furthermore, hence, however, incidentally, indeed,etc |
| Correlative Conjunctions | pairs of words such as either...or, neither...nor, not only...but also, both...and |
| Adjective Clause | a clause that modifies a noun or a pronoun in the main clause. Introduced by who, whom, whose, which, that, when, where. |
| Essential Adjective Clause | an adjective clause that does not need to be punctuated with commas because it is 'essential' to the sentence |
| Nonessential Adjective Clause | an adjective clause that should be punctuated with commas because it adds additional information that is 'not essential' to the sentence |
| Adverb Clause | a subordinate clause found anywhere in a sentence that usually modifies a verb but can also modify an adjective or an adverb |
| Subordinating Conjunctions | introduces adverb clauses and usually modifies a verb but can also modify and adjective or an adverb. May tell when, where, how, why, to what extent, or under what conditions. |
| Three ways to punctuate an Adverb Clause | *when an at the beginning of the sentence, it is introductory and needs a comma after it *when not at the beginning of a sentnece, it does not need a comma *if the clause interrupts the flow of the sentence, set it off with commas |
| How would a sentence be combined with three or more clauses? | with commas to separate the clauses and a semi-colon to join the clauses |
| Noun Clause | a subordinate clause that is used as a noun |
| Verbal | a form of a verb that is used as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb in a sentence, not the main verb. A verbal looks like a verb, but it doesn't act as the main verb. |
| Participial Phrase | an adjective phrase made up of a participle and a prepositional phrase and/or an adverb |
| Dangling Participle | a participle that is out of place |
| Three types of Verbal | participle infinitives gerunds |
| Misplaced Modifiers | modifiers taht are unclear because they are not close to the word modified. |
| Thesis Statement | usually the last sentence of the introductory papragraph that gives the controlling idea for an essay |
| The three main parts of an essay | *Introductory Paragraph *Body *Conclusion Paragraph |
| Introductory Paragraph | the first paragraph of an essay and introduces the topic of the essay. This paragraph usually contains a thesis statement |
| Body Paragraphs | includes one or more paragraphs that support the thesis sentence |
| Conclusion Paragraph | a paragraph that concludes the essay. |
| Conciseness | using a few carefully chosen words instead of many unneccessary ones. |
| Circumlocution | using long phrases to talk around a subject. |
| Figurative Language | language that uses the imagination to compare one thing to something that is very different. Figurative language is not literal or factual. |
| Figurative Language | language that is representative and suggests an imaginative truth |
| Allusion | for an allusion to be effective, the reader must be familiar with what is being referenced. |
| Hyperbole | language that uses overstatement of exaggeration to communicate emotion or to create a comic effect. |
| Oxymoron | language in which contrasting ideas are combined to create a particular effect |
| Imagery | representation in language of sensory experience: what can be seen, heard, touched, tasted, and smelled. Imagery helps us to form a picture or to visualize something. |
Created by:
amygarrison
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