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A&P4!
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 2. What are direct-acting neurotransmitters | • open ion channels to provoke rapid responses |
| 3. A neuronal circuit that concentrates or directs a large number of incoming impulses to a rather small number of neurons is called a(n): | • converging circuit |
| 4. Describe the structural features of a neuron? | • Synaptic cleft |
| 5. The part of a neuron that conducts impulses away from its cell body is called a(n): | • axon |
| 6. If one incoming impulse causes several outgoing nerve impulses, we know that there is a _______ circuit | diverging |
| 7. Describe the functions of the autonomic nervous system | • Innervations of skeletal muscle |
| 8. Collections of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system are called: | • ganglia |
| 9. The term central nervous system refers to the | • Brain and spinal cord |
| 10. A neuron that has as its primary function the job of connecting other neurons is called a(n): | • Association neuron |
| 11. What is a neuromodulator? Give an example | • A hormone |
| 12. The sympathetic and parasympathetic are subdivisions of the: | • Autonomic nervous system |
| 13. What are ependymal cells? | • Help to circulate the cerebrospinal fluid |
| 15. Neuroglia that control the chemical environment around neurons by buffering potassium and recapturing neurotransmitters are: | • astrocytes |
| 16. Schwann cells are functionally similar to: | • oligodendrocytes |
| ___ is an indolamine | Serotonin |
| 19. Describe serial processing. | • Spinal reflexes are an example of serial processing |
| 20. That part of the nervous system that is voluntary and conducts impulses from the CNS to the skeletal muscles is the ______ nervous system. | somatic |
| _____ are found in the CNS and act as the glue that binds axons and blood vessels to each other. | Astocytes |
| 22. The gap between Schwann cells in the peripheral system is called a(n) _ | node of Ranvier____. |
| 23. When information is delivered within the CNS simultaneously by different parts of the neural pathway, the process is called ______processing. | parallel |
| ___ is a disease that gradually destroys the myelin sheaths of neurons in the CNS, particularly in young adults | Multiple Sclerosis |
| _____ is a neurotransmitter of the CNS that is used by Purkinje cells of the CNS. | GABA |
| 26. Define neurotransmitter. Name two amino acid neurotransmitters, two catecholamines, and two peptides | 1. Neurotransmitters are chemical signals used as a means of communication. GABA and glycine are amino acid neurotransmitters; dopamine and norepinephrine are catecholamines; and endorphin and enkephalin are peptide transmitters |
| 27. What are the basic divisions of the peripheral nervous system? | • Sensory and motor divisions… |
| 28. How can a single axon respond to several different kinds of events? | • Some axon terminals contain more than one kind of neurotransmitters… |
| 29. ATP neurotransmitters have what basic effect on the body? | • They provoke a sensation of pain |
| 30. How can potentially poisonous gasses like NO and CO be used by the body? | • These gases are neurotransmitters that act indirectly. Similar to hormones, NO, and CO… |
| 34. What are the nonspecific ascending pathways | • Are involved in the emotional aspects of perception |
| 35. The superchiasmatic nucleus is found in the: | • hypothalamus |
| 36. Nuclei of cranial nerves V, VI, and VII are found in the: | • pons |
| 37. The arbor vitae refers to | cerebellar white matter |
| 38. The brain stem consists of the | midbrain, medulla, and pons |
| 39. The primary auditory cortex is located in the | temporal lobe |
| 40. Describe the structure and function of spinocerebellar tracts: | • Carry out proprioceptive inputs to the cerebellum |
| 41. Describe the relationship between gray matter, white matter and the motor root in the spinal cord | • Inside, white matter on the outside, and a ventral motor root |
| 42. The subarachnoid space lies between what two layers of meninges? | • Arachnoid and pia |
| 43. The vital centers for the control of heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure are located in the: | medulla |
| 44. Cell bodies of the sensory neurons of the spinal nerves are located in | the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord |
| 45. The fissure separating the cerebral hemispheres is the: | longitudinal fissure |
| 46. The rough, thick, leathery meningeal layer is the | : dura mater |
| 47. A shallow groove on the surface of the cortex is called a | sulcus |
| 48. How is cerebrospinal fluid formed? | Is formed mostly by the choroid plexuses |
| 49. What would happen if the posterior portion of the neural tube failed to develop properly: | the spinal cord may be affected |
| 50. The central sulcus separates which lobes? | Frontal from parietal |
| 51. Neural tracts that convey life-saving information to the brain concerning burning pain would be: | lateral spinothalamic |
| 52. Describe the nature and configuration of nerve cells in the cerebral cortex? | • Fiber tracts |
| 53. Describe the structure and function of the hypothalamus | • Is the thermostat of the body since it regulates temp |
| 54. The white matter of the spinal cord contains: | • myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers |
| 55. A lateral tract in the spinal cord would be | rubrospinal |
| 56. An individual accidentally transected the spinal cord between T1 and L1. This would result in: | paraplegia |
| 57. Spastic paralysis suggests involvement of the | upper motor neurons |
| 58. Ridges of tissue on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres are called | gyri |
| 59. The frontal lobe is separated from the temporal lobe by the | lateral sulcus |
| 60. Brodmann's numbering refers to | structurally distinct cortical areas__ |
| 61. Two terms for the massive motor tracts serving voluntary movement are: | • pyramidal and corticospinal |
| 62. An individual who could trace a picture of a bicycle with his or her finger but could not recognize it as a bicycle is most likely to have sustained damage to the: | visual association area |
| 63. Describe the location and function of Broca's area: | • is considered a motor speech area |
| 64. The function of commissures is to connect _ | corresponding areas of the two hemisphere_____ |
| 65. The blood-brain barrier is effective against: | metabolic waste such as urea |
| 66. Describe the structure of the basal nuclei? | Substantia nigra |
| 67. Describe the structures of the limbic system | • Caudate nucleus |
| 68. The process of linking new facts with old facts already stored in the memory bank is called: | consolidation |
| 69. What is an electroencephalogram: | indicates a normal frequency range of 1-30 Hz |
| 70. The brain area that regulates activities that control the state of wakefulness or alertness of the cerebral cortex is the: | reticular formation |
| 71. What would you find in normal cerebrospinal fluid? | red blood cells |
| 72. REM sleep is associated with: | • temporary skeletal muscle paralysis, except for the extrinsic eye muscles |
| 73. Mr. Hom was injured in an accident that completely severed his spinal cord at the level of T12. What effects would you expect to find due to this injury | • Slurred speech |
| 74. Injury to the hypothalamus may result in what effects: | • Loss of proprioception |
| 75. Describe the structure and function of the white matter of the spinal cord | • Contains the anterior and posterior spinocerebellar tracts |
| 76. What produces brain wave amplitude | reflects the number of neurons firing synchronously |
| 78. The corpus striatum plays a special role in: | skill learning |
| 79. Describe the process of storing information in long-term memory: | • Is facilitated by the release of norepinephrine |
| 80. Important nuclei of the indirect (multineural) system that receive impulses from the equilibrium apparatus of the inner ear and help to maintain balance by varying muscle tone of postural muscles are the: | • Vestibular nuclei |
| 81. List the brain structures that are probably directly involved in memory? | medulla. |
| 83. What is a coma and how does it differ from sleep or fainting? | • Coma is defined as total unresponsiveness to stimuli for a long period of tine |
| 84. Tremor at rest, shuffling gait, stooped posture, and expressionless face are characteristics of: | Parkinson’s disease |
| 85. Describe the consequences of traumatic brain injury and rank them from most severe to least severe. | concussion |
| 89. Where is white matter (myelinated fibers) typically found | • Cerebral cortex |
| 90. Second-order neurons of both the specific and nonspecific ascending pathways terminate in the: | thalamus |
| 91. Loss of ability to perform skilled motor activities such as piano playing, with no paralysis or weakness in specific muscles, might suggest damage to the: | • premotor cortex |
| 93. The fourth ventricle is continuous with the _______ of the spinal cord. | central canal |
| 94. The large tract that connects the right and left sides of the brain is called the _______ | corpus callonum |
| 95. The _____ is a conduction pathway between higher and lower brain centers and houses nuclei for cranial nerves V-VII. | pons |
| 96. The infundibulum connects the hypothalamus to the ______ | pituitary gland |
| 97. The ____ are valvelike and protrude externally through the dura mater to absorb cerebrospinal fluid into venous blood. | arachnoid villi |
| 98. Sensory neurons enter the spinal cord via the _____ horn | dorsal |
| _____ memory requires practice, and is remembered by doing. | Skill |
| 100. The _____ includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus. | diencephlaon |
Created by:
lgp001